Factors associated with satisfaction and perceived helpfulness of mental healthcare: a World Mental Health Surveys report

Harris, Meredith G.; Kazdin, Alan E.; Munthali, Richard J.; Vigo, Daniel V.; Stein, Dan J.; Viana, Maria Carmen; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Al-Hamzawi, Ali; Alonso, Jordi; Andrade, Laura Helena; Bunting, Brendan; Chardoul, Stephanie; Gureje, Oye; Hu, Chiyi; Hwang, Irving; Karam, Elie G.; Navarro-Mateu, Fernando; Nishi, Daisuke; Orozco, Ricardo; Sampson, Nancy A.; Scott, Kate M.; Vladescu, Cristian; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Xavier, Miguel; Zarkov, Zahari; Kessler, Ronald C.

doi:10.1186/s13033-024-00629-7

International Journal of Mental Health Systems

Table 4 Joint associations of provider, sociodemographic, clinical and treatment factors with patient-reported helpfulness outcomes, controlling for satisfaction, among respondents who reported 12-month use of providers for mental health (n = 5,248)a

From: Factors associated with satisfaction and perceived helpfulness of mental healthcare: a World Mental Health Surveys report

	Helped a lot						Either helped a lot or some
	Base model			Model with satisfaction controls			Base model			Model with satisfaction controls
	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper
I. Type of provider:
E. General medical
Doctor	-0.06*	-0.10	-0.02	-0.01	-0.04	0.02	-0.05*	-0.08	-0.01	0.00	-0.03	0.03
Other health professional	-0.03	-0.14	0.07	-0.05	-0.12	0.02	0.02	-0.04	0.09	0.00	-0.05	0.05
F. Specialty mental health
Psychiatrist	-0.01	-0.06	0.03	0.04*	0.01	0.08	-0.04	-0.08	0.00	0.01	-0.02	0.05
Psychologist	-0.04	-0.09	0.01	0.00	-0.03	0.04	-0.03	-0.07	0.02	0.01	-0.03	0.04
Counsellor in a mental health specialized setting	0.03	-0.03	0.09	0.01	-0.04	0.05	0.06*	0.02	0.10	0.03	0.00	0.06
Social worker in a mental health specialized setting	-0.05	-0.12	0.02	-0.07*	-0.14	-0.01	-0.01	-0.09	0.07	-0.03	-0.11	0.04
Other mental health professional	-0.04	-0.11	0.03	-0.01	-0.06	0.04	-0.07*	-0.14	-0.00	-0.04	-0.08	0.01
G. Human services
Social worker in a human services setting	-0.14*	-0.25	-0.02	-0.03	-0.13	0.06	-0.09	-0.23	0.04	-0.04	-0.15	0.07
Counsellor in a human services setting	0.07	-0.06	0.20	0.06	-0.04	0.17	0.03	-0.07	0.13	0.00	-0.08	0.08
H. Complementary and alternative medicine
Spiritual advisor	0.17*	0.11	0.23	0.06*	0.01	0.11	0.12*	0.08	0.16	0.05*	0.02	0.09
Healer	0.10*	0.01	0.18	0.00	-0.04	0.05	0.05	-0.02	0.12	0.01	-0.03	0.05
F-test: F_10,634(p-value)	6.94* (< 0.001)			2.71* (0.003)			7.55* (< 0.001)			1.69 (0.079)
II. Gender:
Male	-0.05	-0.10	0.00	0.00	-0.03	0.03	-0.05	-0.09	-0.01*	-0.02	-0.04	0.01
Female	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_1,634 (p-value)	3.64 (0.06)			0.00 (0.95)			6.19* (0.013)			1.76 (0.19)
III. Age at interview (years):
Less than 35	-0.09	-0.21	0.03	-0.05	-0.14	0.03	-0.04	-0.13	-0.05	-0.01	-0.08	0.07
35–49	-0.07	-0.17	0.03	-0.02	-0.10	0.05	-0.03	-0.12	0.05	0.00	-0.07	0.07
50–64	0.02	-0.08	0.11	0.00	-0.07	0.07	0.02	-0.06	0.10	0.01	-0.05	0.07
65 or over	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_3,634 (p-value)	3.85 (0.07)			1.44 (0.23)			2.62 (0.051)			0.15 (0.93)
IV. Marital status:
Married/cohabitating	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Never married	0.02	-0.03	0.07	0.01	-0.02	0.04	0.02	-0.03	0.06	0.01	-0.02	0.04
Separated/widowed/divorced	0.00	-0.05	0.05	0.01	-0.03	0.05	0.00	-0.05	0.05	0.00	-0.03	0.04
F-test: F_2,634 (p-value)	0.25 (0.78)			0.42 (0.67)			0.31 (0.73)			0.37 (0.69)
V. Employment
Homemaker	-0.03	-0.09	0.03	-0.01	-0.05	0.04	-0.06*	-0.11	-0.01	-0.04*	-0.09	-0.00
Retired	-0.03	-0.12	0.07	-0.03	-0.09	0.04	0.02	-0.05	0.08	0.01	-0.05	0.07
Student	-0.07	-0.17	0.02	0.02	-0.06	0.11	-0.07	-0.14	0.01	0.00	-0.05	0.05
Other	-0.04	-0.10	0.01	-0.03	-0.06	0.01	-0.03	-0.09	0.02	-0.02	-0.05	0.02
Working	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_4,634 (p-value)	1.29 (0.27)			0.84 (0.50)			2.71* (0.03)			1.44 (0.22)
VI. Education^b:
Low	-0.05	-0.12	0.01	0.01	-0.03	0.06	-0.04	-0.09	0.02	0.01	-0.03	0.04
Low-average	-0.04	-0.09	0.01	0.01	-0.03	0.05	-0.03	-0.08	0.02	0.01	-0.02	0.04
High-average	-0.08*	-0.13	-0.03	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.00	0.01	-0.02	0.04
High	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_3,634 (p-value)	3.58* (0.014)			0.48 (0.70)			1.80 (0.15)			0.15 (0.93)
VII. 12-month mental disorders:
Major depressive disorder	-0.08*	-0.13	-0.02	-0.03	-0.07	0.01	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.00	-0.02	-0.05	0.01
Bipolar spectrum disorder	-0.10*	-0.17	-0.03	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.00	-0.04	-0.10	0.01	-0.02	-0.05	0.02
Generalized anxiety disorder	-0.03	-0.10	0.03	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.03	-0.09	0.02	-0.02	-0.07	0.02
Panic disorder/Agoraphobia	-0.01	-0.07	0.05	0.01	-0.02	0.04	-0.01	-0.06	0.04	-0.01	-0.04	0.03
Posttraumatic stress disorder	-0.04	-0.10	0.01	0.00	-0.05	0.04	-0.04	-0.08	0.01	-0.01	-0.05	0.02
Specific phobia	0.02	-0.03	0.07	0.02	-0.01	0.05	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.01	-0.04	0.02
Social phobia	-0.07*	-0.13	-0.02	-0.04*	-0.08	-0.00	-0.02	-0.07	0.03	0.00	-0.03	0.03
Substance use disorder	-0.02	-0.09	0.05	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.06	-0.12	0.00	-0.04*	-0.09	-0.00
F-test: F_7,634 (p-value)	3.01* (0.004)			2.24* (0.03)			1.02 (0.41)			0.84 (0.56)
F-test: F_8,634 (p-value)	3.39* (< 0.001)			2.27* (0.02)			1.17 (0.31)			0.75 (0.65)
VIII. Number of 12-month mental disorders:
1 or 2	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
3 or more	0.04	-0.04	0.13	0.03	-0.03	0.09	0.02	-0.05	0.09	0.03	-0.02	0.08
F-test: F_1,634 (p-value)	1.04 (0.31)			1.23 (0.27)			0.29 (0.59)			1.64 (0.20)
IX. Number of chronic physical disorders^c:
0 or 1	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
2	-0.02	-0.06	0.03	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	-0.02	-0.06	0.02	-0.01	-0.04	0.02
3 or more	0.02	-0.03	0.07	0.02	-0.01	0.05	-0.03	-0.08	0.01	-0.02	-0.05	0.01
F-test: F_2,634 (p-value)	0.91 (0.40)			1.18 (0.31)			1.35 (0.26)			1.18 (0.31)
X. Insurance:
None or unknown	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
State funded coverage or subsidized insurance	0.04	-0.05	0.13	0.00	-0.07	0.06	0.07	-0.02	0.16	0.01	-0.04	0.07
Other	0.03	-0.05	0.11	-0.02	-0.09	0.05	0.10*	0.02	0.18	0.05	0.00	0.10
Insurance through employment or national social security	0.04	-0.05	0.12	-0.02	-0.09	0.05	0.05	-0.03	0.14	0.00	-0.06	0.06
Direct private/optional insurance	-0.04	-0.20	0.11	-0.06	-0.17	0.05	0.16*	0.05	0.27	0.10*	0.01	0.19
F-test: F_4,634 (p-value)	0.60 (0.66)			0.60 (0.66)			2.97* (0.02)			2.75* (0.03)
XI. Very satisfied:
Yes				0.47*	0.44	0.51				0.09*	0.06	0.11
No				ref.						ref.
F-test: F_1,634(p-value)	n/a			720.2* (< 0.001)			n/a			60.9* (< 0.001)
XII. Either satisfied or very satisfied:
Yes				0.37*	0.34	0.40				0.58*	0.54	0.62
No				ref.						ref.
F-test: F_1,634(p-value)	n/a			604.1* (< 0.001)			n/a			896.8* (< 0.001)

Abbreviations: n/a, not included in model. ref., reference category.* Significant at 0.05 level, two-sided test
^a Results from ordinary least squares regression models that included survey dummy variables
^b Country-specific distributions. See Evans-Lacko et al. (2018) for details
^c Chronic physical disorders included were: Arthritis; Cancer; Cardiovascular disorders (heart attack, heart disease, hypertension and stroke); Chronic pain conditions (chronic back or neck pain and other chronic pain); Diabetes; Migraine or other frequent or severe headaches; Neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s and epilepsy or seizures); Digestive disorders (stomach or intestinal ulcers and irritable bowel disorder); Respiratory disorders (seasonal allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema)

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ISSN: 1752-4458

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