Factors associated with satisfaction and perceived helpfulness of mental healthcare: a World Mental Health Surveys report

Harris, Meredith G.; Kazdin, Alan E.; Munthali, Richard J.; Vigo, Daniel V.; Stein, Dan J.; Viana, Maria Carmen; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Al-Hamzawi, Ali; Alonso, Jordi; Andrade, Laura Helena; Bunting, Brendan; Chardoul, Stephanie; Gureje, Oye; Hu, Chiyi; Hwang, Irving; Karam, Elie G.; Navarro-Mateu, Fernando; Nishi, Daisuke; Orozco, Ricardo; Sampson, Nancy A.; Scott, Kate M.; Vladescu, Cristian; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Xavier, Miguel; Zarkov, Zahari; Kessler, Ronald C.

doi:10.1186/s13033-024-00629-7

International Journal of Mental Health Systems

Table 3 Joint associations of provider, sociodemographic, clinical and treatment predictors with patient-reported satisfaction outcomes, controlling for helpfulness, across all providers seen by respondents who reported 12-month use of providers for mental health (n = 5,248)a

From: Factors associated with satisfaction and perceived helpfulness of mental healthcare: a World Mental Health Surveys report

	Very satisfied						Either satisfied or very satisfied
	Base model			Model with helpfulness controls			Base model			Model with helpfulness controls
	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper	Estimate	95%CI lower	95%CI upper
I. Type of provider:
A. General medical
Doctor	-0.05*	-0.08	-0.01	-0.01	-0.04	0.02	-0.07*	-0.10	-0.04	-0.03*	-0.06	-0.01
Other health professional	0.01	-0.09	0.11	0.03	-0.04	0.09	0.03	-0.04	0.11	0.03	-0.03	0.09
B. Specialty mental health
Psychiatrist	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.01	-0.04*	-0.08	-0.00	-0.08*	-0.13	-0.04	-0.06*	-0.09	-0.03
Psychologist	-0.05*	-0.10	0.00	-0.03	-0.06	0.01	-0.05	-0.10	0.00	-0.03	-0.06	0.01
Counsellor in a mental health specialized setting	0.01	-0.04	0.07	-0.01	-0.05	0.04	0.05*	0.01	0.10	0.01	-0.02	0.05
Social worker in a mental health specialized setting	0.01	-0.07	0.09	0.04	-0.03	0.11	0.04	-0.02	0.11	0.06*	0.00	0.12
Other mental health professional	-0.01	-0.08	0.06	0.01	-0.04	0.06	-0.06	-0.13	0.02	-0.01	-0.06	0.04
C. Human services
Social worker in a human services setting	-0.17*	-0.25	-0.09	-0.09*	-0.17	-0.01	-0.06	-0.20	0.07	0.02	-0.09	0.12
Counsellor in a human services setting	-0.03	-0.13	0.08	-0.07	-0.17	0.03	0.06	-0.03	0.15	0.03	-0.04	0.09
D. Complementary and alternative medicine
Spiritual advisor	0.16*	0.11	0.22	0.06*	0.01	0.11	0.09*	0.05	0.13	-0.02	-0.05	0.02
Healer	0.16*	0.08	0.24	0.10*	0.05	0.16	0.04	-0.02	0.11	0.00	-0.04	0.03
F-test: F_10,634 (p-value)	7.38* (< 0.001)			3.28* (< 0.001)			8.12* (< 0.001)			2.52* (0.006)
II. Gender:
Male	-0.06*	-0.12	-0.01	-0.03	-0.07	0.00	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.00	-0.01	-0.04	0.02
Female	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_1,634 (p-value)	5.73* (0.02)			3.59 (0.06)			4.45* (0.035)			0.39 (0.53)
III. Age at interview (years):
Less than 35	-0.04	-0.14	0.06	0.01	-0.06	0.08	-0.05	-0.13	0.03	-0.01	-0.07	0.05
35–49	-0.05	-0.14	0.04	-0.01	-0.08	0.06	-0.05	-0.12	0.02	-0.02	-0.08	0.04
50–64	0.02	-0.07	0.11	0.01	-0.05	0.08	0.02	-0.05	0.08	0.00	-0.05	0.06
65 or over	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_3,634 (p-value)	2.74 (0.061)			0.82 (0.48)			3.96 (0.056)			1.02 (0.38)
IV. Marital status:
Married/cohabitating	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
Never married	0.00	-0.06	0.06	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	0.01	-0.04	0.05	-0.01	-0.03	0.02
Separated/widowed/divorced	-0.03	-0.07	0.02	-0.03	-0.06	0.01	0.00	-0.05	0.05	0.00	-0.03	0.04
F-test: F_3,634 (p-value)	0.78 (0.46)			0.94 (0.39)			0.04 (0.95)			0.11 (0.89)
V. Employment:
Homemaker	-0.04	-0.09	0.02	-0.02	-0.06	0.03	-0.02	-0.07	0.03	0.02	-0.03	0.06
Retired	-0.02	-0.12	0.08	0.00	-0.08	0.07	0.01	-0.07	0.10	0.01	-0.06	0.08
Student	-0.14*	-0.22	-0.05	-0.09*	-0.18	-0.00	-0.09*	-0.17	-0.01	-0.04	-0.09	0.02
Other	-0.01	-0.07	0.04	0.01	-0.03	0.05	-0.03	-0.08	0.02	0.00	-0.03	0.03
Working	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-tests: F_4,634 (p-value)	2.93* (0.02)			1.50 (0.20)			1.73 (0.14)			0.75 (0.56)
VI. Education^b:
Low	-0.09*	-0.15	-0.02	-0.05*	-0.11	-0.00	-0.06*	-0.12	-0.01	-0.03	-0.07	0.01
Low-average	-0.05	-0.11	0.00	-0.03	-0.07	0.01	-0.06*	-0.11	-0.01	-0.04*	-0.07	-0.00
High-average	-0.08*	-0.13	-0.03	-0.03	-0.07	0.00	-0.08*	-0.12	-0.04	-0.04*	-0.07	-0.01
High	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
F-test: F_3,634 (p-value)	4.25* (0.001)			1.77 (0.15)			5.92* (0.001)			3.05* (0.03)
VII. 12-month mental disorders:
Major depressive disorder	-0.05*	-0.11	0.00	-0.01	-0.05	0.04	-0.05*	-0.09	-0.00	0.00	-0.03	0.02
Bipolar spectrum disorder	-0.08*	-0.15	-0.01	-0.02	-0.08	0.03	-0.04	-0.10	0.03	0.01	-0.03	0.05
Generalized anxiety disorder	-0.04	-0.10	0.02	-0.02	-0.06	0.02	-0.01	-0.07	0.04	0.01	-0.03	0.05
Panic disorder/Agoraphobia	-0.04	-0.10	0.02	-0.03	-0.07	0.01	0.00	-0.06	0.05	0.01	-0.03	0.04
Posttraumatic stress disorder	-0.05	-0.11	0.01	-0.03	-0.08	0.02	-0.03	-0.09	0.02	-0.01	-0.04	0.03
Specific phobia	0.01	-0.04	0.06	0.00	-0.04	0.04	-0.01	-0.05	0.04	-0.01	-0.04	0.02
Social phobia	-0.05	-0.10	0.01	0.00	-0.04	0.04	-0.03	-0.08	0.03	0.00	-0.04	0.04
Substance use disorder	-0.02	-0.08	0.05	0.01	-0.04	0.06	-0.02	-0.09	0.04	0.01	-0.03	0.05
F-test: F_7,634 (p-value)	1.76 (0.09)			0.73 (0.64)			0.45 (0.87)			0.28 (0.96)
F-test: F_8,634 (p-value)	1.65 (0.11)			0.69 (0.70)			0.86 (0.55)			0.29 (0.97)
VIII. Number of 12-month mental disorders:
1 or 2	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
3 or more	0.05	-0.03	0.13	0.02	-0.04	0.09	-0.03	-0.11	0.05	-0.05	-0.10	0.00
F-test: F_1,634 (p-value)	1.45 (0.23)			0.58 (0.45)			0.54 (0.46)			3.73 (0.05)
IX. Number of chronic physical disorders^c:
0 or 1	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
2	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	0.00	-0.04	0.04	-0.01	-0.05	0.03	0.00	-0.03	0.03
3 or more	0.03	-0.03	0.08	0.02	-0.02	0.05	-0.02	-0.07	0.02	-0.01	-0.04	0.02
F-test: F_2,634 (p-value)	0.85 (0.43)			0.47 (0.63)			0.62 (0.54)			0.40 (0.67)
X. Insurance:
None or unknown	ref.			ref.			ref.			ref.
State funded coverage or subsidized insurance	0.02	-0.10	0.15	0.00	-0.10	0.09	0.09*	0.00	0.18	0.04	-0.02	0.10
Other	0.04	-0.08	0.16	0.01	-0.09	0.12	0.08*	0.00	0.16	0.02	-0.03	0.08
Insurance through employment or national social security	0.06	-0.06	0.17	0.03	-0.07	0.13	0.09*	0.00	0.17	0.05	-0.01	0.12
Direct private/optional insurance	-0.04	-0.17	0.10	-0.02	-0.12	0.07	0.10	-0.06	0.26	0.03	-0.09	0.15
F-test: F_4,634 (p-value)	0.53 (0.72)			0.66 (0.62)			1.44 (0.22)			0.86 (0.49)
XI. Helped a lot:
Yes				0.56*	0.52	0.60				0.24*	0.20	0.27
No				ref.						ref.
F-test: F_1,634 (p-value)	n/a			897.7* (< 0.0001)			n/a			219.1* (< 0.0001)
XII. Either helped a lot or some:
Yes				0.06*	0.03	0.09				0.52*	0.47	0.56
No				ref.						ref.
F-test: F_1,634(p-value)	n/a			14.3* (< 0.0002)			n/a			547.4* (< 0.0001)

Abbreviations: n/a, not included in model. ref., reference category. * Significant at 0.05 level, two-sided test
^a Results from ordinary least squares regression models that included survey dummy variables
^b Country-specific distributions. See Evans-Lacko et al. (2018) for details
^c Chronic physical disorders included were: Arthritis; Cancer; Cardiovascular disorders (heart attack, heart disease, hypertension and stroke); Chronic pain conditions (chronic back or neck pain and other chronic pain); Diabetes; Migraine or other frequent or severe headaches; Neurological disorders (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s and epilepsy or seizures); Digestive disorders (stomach or intestinal ulcers and irritable bowel disorder); Respiratory disorders (seasonal allergies, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema)

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ISSN: 1752-4458

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