Table 4 Total difficulty scores in boys and girls in Bangladesh and Indonesia over time.
PAFAS in caregivers above the 66th percentile at pre-test | Pre-test mean (SD) | Post-test mean (SD) | Follow-up mean (SD) | Two-way mixed ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-value | Repeated measures ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-value | Post-hoc tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parenting | |||||||
  Parental Consistency | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 10) | 10.90 (1.20) | 9.20 (1.40) | 8.70 (1.64) | n/a | F(2,18) = 9.184; p = 0.002 | ✱ ■|
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 13) | 8.31 (0.63) | 5.69 (1.84) | 6.00 (2.58) | F(2,38) = 1.923; p = 0.160 | F(2,24) = 10.140; p = 0.001 | ✱ ■|
Control (n = 8) | 8.50 (0.54) | 7.62 (0.74) | 7.38 (1.69) |  |  | ||
  Coercive parenting | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 10) | 6.20 (1.14) | 3.90 (1.52) | 4.10 (2.47) | n/a | F(2,18) = 6.513; p = 0.007 | ✱ |
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 20) | 7.10 (1.25) | 4.90 (2.08) | 4.30 (2.56) | F(2,56) = 1.510; p = 0.230 | F(2,38) = 23.462; p < 0.001 | ✱ ■|
Control (n = 10) | 7.20 (1.40) | 6.30 (2.00) | 5.20 (1.69) | F(2,18) = 5.026; p = 0.018 | ■| ||
  Positive encouragement | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 12) | 4.00 (1.28) | 1.75 (2.01) | 1.58 (1.68) | n/a | F(2,22) = 8.446; p = 0.002 | ✱ ■|
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 10) | 5.00 (1.70) | 2.20 (1.62) | 2.00 (1.41) | F(2,36) = 4.490; p = 0.018 | F(2,18) = 11.073; p = 0.001 | ✱ ■|
Control (n = 10) | 4.80 (1.03) | 3.60 (1.08) | 4.20 (0.79) | F(2,18) = 4.585; p = 0.025 |  | ||
  Parent–child relationship | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 11) | 5.55 (3.01) | 3.55 (2.73) | 2.82 (2.60) | n/a | F(2,20) = 5.343; p = 0.014 |  |
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 14) | 3.79 (3.38) | 1.14 (1.41) | 1.29 (1.14) | F(1.302,33.852) = 4.957; p = 0.024 | F(1.261,16.396) = 5.907; p = 0.021 |  |
Control (n = 14) | 3.14 (1.41) | 3.07 (1.27) | 3.29 (1.68) |  |  | ||
Family adjustment | |||||||
  Parental adjustment | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 12) | 7.42 (1.78) | 5.25 (2.56) | 4.50 (2.20) | n/a | F(2,22) = 11.888; p < 0.001 | ✱ ■|
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 13) | 6.54 (1.56) | 4.46 (1.61) | 4.38 (2.26) | F(1.734,36.421) = 0.380; p = 0.657 | F(2,24) = 14.628; p < 0.001 | ✱ ■|
Control (n = 10) | 6.30 (1.64) | 4.90 (2.81) | 4.40 (2.01) |  |  | ||
  Family relationships | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 10) | 4.00 (1.25) | 2.40 (2.01) | 2.30 (1.77) | n/a | F(2,18) = 6.882; p = 0.006 | ✱ ■|
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 7) | 4.43 (2.07) | 2.43 (2.64) | 2.29 (2.75) | F(1.594,20.718) = 4.008; p = 0.042 | F(1.029,6.176) = 9.108; p = 0.022 |  |
Control (n = 8) | 2.63 (0.74) | 2.38 (1.60) | 2.38 (1.51) |  |  | ||
  Parental teamwork | |||||||
  Bangladesh | Intervention (n = 7) | 4.00 (1.16) | 2.86 (1.35) | 1.71 (1.11) | n/a | F(2,12) = 8.862; p = 0.004 | ■|
  Indonesia | Intervention (n = 13) | 4.92 (1.55) | 1.54 (1.71) | 1.77 (1.88) | n/a | F(2,24) = 22.452; p < 0.001 |  |
Control (n = 0) |  |  |  |  | ✱ ■| ||