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Table 3 Mean PAFAS scores over time by country and intervention or control group

From: Family UNited: piloting of a new universal UNODC family skills programme to improve child mental health, resilience and parenting skills in Indonesia and Bangladesh

PAFAS

Pre-test mean (SD)

Post-test mean (SD)

Follow-up mean (SD)

Two-way mixed ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-value

Repeated measures ANOVA F(dftime, dferror); p-value

Post-hoc tests

Parenting

  Parental consistency [0–15]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

8.83 (1.93)

8.21 (1.84)

8.21 (1.63)

n/a

  

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 37)

6.57 (1.77)

5.70 (1.94)

5.62 (2.03)

F(2,128) = 0.470; p = 0.626

F(2,72) = 4.334; p = 0.017

 

Control (n = 29)

7.00 (1.10)

6.48 (1.64)

6.48 (1.55)

  

  Coercive parenting [0–15]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

3.97 (1.99)

3.90 (2.80)

3.34 (2.99)

n/a

  

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 36)

5.25 (2.50)

4.00 (2.11)

3.56 (2.32)

F(2,122) = .628; p = 0.029

F(2,70) = 12.125; p < 0.001

✱ ■

Control (n = 27)

4.93 (2.24)

4.85 (2.13)

4.59 (1.95)

  

  Positive encouragement [0–9]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

2.10 (1.92)

1.17 (1.58)

1.07 (1.44)

n/a

F(1.456,40.754) = 5.618; p = 0.013

â– 

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 37)

2.51 (2.01)

1.51 (1.26)

1.59 (1.30)

F(2,128) = 5.171; p = 0.007

F(1.701,61.230) = 6.858; p = 0.003

✱ ■

Control (n = 29)

2.62 (1.97)

2.79 (1.68)

2.93 (1.53)

  

  Parent–child relationship [0–15]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

2.45 (3.11)

1.76 (2.36)

1.34 (2.01)

n/a

F(1.526,42.742) = 3.923; p = 0.038

 

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 37)

1.65 (2.67)

0.92 (1.34)

0.92 (1.30)

F(1.360,87.010) = 3.706; p = 0.045

  

Control (n = 29)

1.62 (1.80)

2.07 (1.65)

2.17 (1.93)

  

Family adjustment

  Parental adjustment [0–15]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

4.48 (3.00)

4.48 (2.59)

3.72 (2.09)

n/a

  

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 37)

4.00 (2.36)

3.41 (2.03)

3.03 (2.29)

F(1.825,115.001) = 2.190; p = 0.121

F(1.709,61.528) = 5.422; p = 0.010

â– 

Control (n = 28)

3.50 (2.56)

3.43 (2.67)

3.54 (2.15)

  

  Family relationships [0–12]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 29)

1.93 (1.83)

1.41 (1.74)

1.38 (1.50)

n/a

  

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 37)

1.30 (1.81)

1.03 (1.48)

0.97 (1.55)

F1.906,120.085) = 3.917; p = 0.024

  

Control (n = 28)

1.00 (1.19)

1.54 (1.43)

1.39 (1.45)

  

  Parental teamwork [0–9]

  Bangladesh

Intervention (n = 28)

1,82 (1,61)

1,68 (1,39)

1,50 (1,29)

n/a

  

  Indonesia

Intervention (n = 34)

2,35 (2,31)

0,94 (1,37)

1,32 (1,55)

n/a

F(1.726,56.964) = 8.362; p = 0.001

 

Control (n = 0)

    

✱

  1. Statistically significant (p < 0.05), higher PAFAS scores indicating lower levels of parenting and family adjustment skills; results for repeated measure ANOVAs and post-hoc tests only shown if significant; SD: standard deviation; ✱ significant difference between t1 and t2, ■ significant difference between t1 and t3
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International Journal of Mental Health Systems

ISSN: 1752-4458