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Table 3 Logistic regression results showing joint associations of sociodemographics, disorder types, and treatment profiles with perceived helpfulness (being helped 'a lot'), among respondents with 12-month DSM-IV disorders who reported 12-month use of providers for mental health (N = 3119)a

From: Perceived helpfulness of service sectors used for mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

 

Perceived helpfulness (being helped 'a lot')b

OR

95% CI

X2

df

p-value

Gender (ref: Female)

Reference

  

5.40*

1

0.020

 Male

0.76

0.60

0.96

Age at interview (years) (ref: ≥ 65)

Reference

  

17.34*

3

0.001

 ≤ 34 years

0.61

0.36

1.02

 35–49

0.77

0.49

1.21

 50–64

1.13

0.74

1.73

Marital status (ref: Married/cohabitating)

Reference

  

0.54

2

0.764

 Separated/widowed/divorced

0.94

0.76

1.17

 Never married

1.04

0.81

1.34

Family incomec (ref: High)

Reference

  

1.54

3

0.672

 Low

0.87

0.66

1.14

 Low-average

0.89

0.70

1.13

 High-average

0.87

0.67

1.13

Educationd (ref: High)

Reference

  

1.55

3

0.671

 Low

1.04

0.77

1.40

 Low-average

0.98

0.75

1.29

 High-average

0.89

0.70

1.12

Employment (ref: Working)

Reference

  

6.70

4

0.153

 Homemaker

0.85

0.63

1.15

 Retired

1.07

0.72

1.60

 Student

0.79

0.50

1.24

 Other

0.73

0.56

0.95

Insurance (ref: None or unknown)

Reference

  

6.38

4

0.172

 State funded coverage or subsidized insurance

1.33

0.93

1.92

 Insurance through employment or national social security

1.49

0.98

2.27

 Direct private/optional insurance

0.85

0.44

1.67

 Other

1.32

0.90

1.93

12-month DSM-IV disorders

 Major depressive disorder (ref: No)

0.82

0.67

1.01

3.66

1

0.056

 Bipolar disorder (ref: No)

0.73

0.52

1.02

3.41

1

0.065

 Generalized anxiety disorder (ref: No)

0.82

0.63

1.08

2.00

1

0.157

 Panic disorder/Agoraphobia (ref: No)

0.90

0.72

1.12

0.94

1

0.332

 Posttraumatic stress disorder (ref: No)

0.98

0.77

1.24

0.04

1

0.845

 Specific phobia (ref: No)

1.21

0.98

1.49

3.07

1

0.080

 Social phobia (ref: No)

0.84

0.69

1.02

3.10

1

0.078

 Substance use disorder (ref: No)

0.97

0.71

1.31

0.05

1

0.823

Treatment profiles

 General medical-only

0.46

0.38

0.54

75.98*

1

 < 0.001

 Psychiatrist-only

0.70

0.54

0.91

7.28*

1

0.007

 Other mental health specialty-only

0.71

0.58

0.87

10.75*

1

0.001

 Spiritual/healer-only

1.18

0.87

1.59

1.16

1

0.282

 General medical with Psychiatrist

1.13

0.80

1.61

0.47

1

0.493

 General medical with Other mental health specialty

1.18

0.92

1.51

1.63

1

0.201

 Psychiatrist with Other mental health specialty

1.50

1.05

2.14

4.98*

1

0.026

 General medical with Psychiatrist and Other mental health specialty

1.89

1.37

2.61

14.87*

1

 < 0.001

Pooled X2 tests

 

 Mental disorders, X28 (p-value)

18.53* (0.018)

 Treatment profiles, X27 (p-value)

97.76* (< 0.001)

 Disorders and profiles, X215 (p-value)

102.27* (< 0.001)

  1. *Significant at .05 level, two-sided test
  2. Results shown are from the final model (see Additional file 1: Table A4 for details of the model-building process). Final model included survey dummy variables. The ORs associated with treatment profiles were centered to have a product of 0, allowing direct interpretation of each individual OR with the average in the total sample
  3. aThe General medical with Spiritual/healer treatment profile (n = 102) was dropped in the final model since it comprised a relatively small number of patients and made the modelling unstable, hence the sample size for the model is 3119
  4. bPatient report of being helped 'a lot' by any type of provider seen
  5. cHigh income was defined as greater than two times the within-country median per capita family income (i.e. income divided by number of family members), high-average income as 100–200% times the median, low-average as 50–100% of the median, and low income as less than 50% of the median
  6. dIn high-income countries, the high education category corresponded to a college degree, high-average to some post-secondary education without a college degree, low-average to secondary school graduation, and low to less than secondary education. These four categories comprised roughly equal sized groups. Thresholds in other countries were applied to achieve the same split
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International Journal of Mental Health Systems

ISSN: 1752-4458