Table 3 Univariate and multivariate conditional (fixed-effects) logistic regression of risk factors associated with inpatient falls in a matched case–control study
Variables | Inpatient falls N (%) | Controls N (%) | uOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
Psychiatric condition | ||||||
No acute psychosis | 60 (75.00) | 151 (94.38) | 1 | |||
Having acute psychosis | 20 (25.00) | 9 (5.63) | 6.8 (2.56–18.53) | < .001 | 4.62 (1.14–18.66) | .031* |
Number of psychiatric disorders | ||||||
1 | 70 (87.50) | 150 (93.75) | 1 | |||
2 | 10 (12.50) | 10 (6.25) | 2.9 (.84–5.18) | .112 | .75 (.16–3.56) | .719 |
Co-occurring physical illnesses | ||||||
0 | 49 (61.25) | 131 (81.88) | 1 | |||
1–3 | 31 (38.75) | 29 (18.13) | 2.97 (1.57–5.63) | < .001 | 1.29 (.47–3.52) | .617 |
Number of drugs used | ||||||
1–4 | 32 (40.00) | 113 (70.63) | 1 | |||
≥ 5 | 48 (60.00) | 47 (29.38) | 3.91 (2.10–7.29) | < .001 | 2.62 (1.04–6.61) | .040* |
Medication | ||||||
Typical psychiatric drugs | ||||||
No | 47 (58.75) | 69 (43.13) | 1 | |||
Yes | 33 (41.25) | 91 (56.88) | .53 (.31–0.92) | .025 | .88 (.30–2.62) | .827 |
Atypical psychiatric drugs | ||||||
No | 30 (37.50) | 97 (60.63) | 1 | |||
Yes | 50 (62.50) | 63 (39.38) | 2.64 (1.48–4.70) | < .001 | 2.63 (.95–7.32) | .064 |
Antidepressants | ||||||
No | 64 (80.00) | 131 (81.88) | 1 | |||
Yes | 16 (20.00) | 29 (18.13) | 1.14 (.56–2.35) | .712 | NI | |
Benzodiazepines | ||||||
No | 14 (17.50) | 39 (24.38) | 1 | |||
Yes | 66 (82.50) | 121 (75.63) | 1.52 (.77–2.99) | .229 | NI | |
Anticonvulsants | ||||||
No | 49 (61.25) | 113 (70.63) | 1 | |||
Yes | 31 (38.75) | 47 (29.38) | 1.59 (.87–2.90) | .127 | .70 (.29–1.69) | .424 |
Lithiums | ||||||
No | 77 (96.25) | 153 (95.63) | 1 | |||
Yes | 3 (3.75) | 7 (4.38) | 0.84 (.20–3.49) | .812 | NI | |
Antiparkinsons | ||||||
No | 13 (16.46) | 28 (17.61) | 1 | |||
Yes | 66 (83.54) | 131 (82.39) | 1.12 (.49–2.56) | .781 | NI | |
Antidiabetic agents | ||||||
No | 72 (90.00) | 151 (94.38) | 1 | |||
Yes | 8 (10.00) | 9 (5.63) | 2.06 (.69–6.15) | .192 | NI | |
Anticholesterol agents | ||||||
No | 73 (91.25) | 153 (95.63) | 1 | |||
Yes | 7 (8.75) | 7 (4.38) | 2.13 (.71–6.43) | .181 | NI | |
Cardiovascular agents | ||||||
No | 60 (75.00) | 137 (85.63) | ||||
Yes | 20 (25.00) | 23 (14.38) | 2.17 (1.05–4.51) | .037 | 1.22 (.40–3.71) | .729 |
Staffing factors | ||||||
Number of nurses in the shift | ||||||
1 | 35 (43.75) | 76 (47.50) | ||||
2–4 | 45 (56.25) | 84 (52.50) | 1.23 (0.65–2.33) | .523 | NI | |
Nurse-to-patient ratio | ||||||
1:1–15 | 20 (25.00) | 17 (10.63) | 1 | |||
1:16–30 | 43 (53.75) | 96 (60.00) | .28 (.11–.69) | .006 | .45 (.12–1.68) | .237 |
1:31–45 | 17 (21.25) | 47 (29.38) | .17 (.06–.54) | .002 | 1.05 (.14–7.84) | .962 |
Number of patients in the ward | ||||||
≤ 25 | 34 (42.50) | 53 (33.13) | 1 | |||
26–50 | 22 (27.50) | 59 (36.88) | .39 (.16–.95) | .038 | .15 (.03-.87) | .034* |
≥ 51 | 24 (30.00) | 48 (30.00) | .84 (.37–1.90) | .687 | .35 (.04–2.90) | .330 |
No. of ULNs in the shift | ||||||
2 | 45 (56.25) | 94 (58.75) | 1 | |||
3–5 | 35 (43.75) | 66 (41.25) | 1.16 (0.60–2.23) | .659 | NI | |
Proportion of skill mix | ||||||
.33 | 1 (1.25) | 5 (3.13) | ||||
.50 | 34 (42.50) | 72 (45.00) | 3.45 (.30–39.41) | .318 | 2.27 (.11–47.87) | .598 |
.67 | 24 (30.00) | 61 (38.13) | 2.67 (.23–30.92) | .432 | 6.31 (.22–181.81) | .283 |
1.00 | 21 (26.25) | 22 (13.75) | 9.10 (.73–113.92) | .087 | 16.54 (.46–588.42) | .124 |
Type of unit | ||||||
Ordinary ward | 53 (66.25) | 118 (73.75) | 1 | |||
Private ward & ICU | 27 (33.75) | 42 (26.25) | 1.48 (.80–2.72) | .208 | NI | |