Table 1 Promotion and preventive strategies in youth mental health

Promotion

Promotion-prevention continuum

Address entire community

Nutrition and health care

Integrated and multidisciplinary actions

Housing and homelessness

Healthcare-community collaborations

Child abuse

Negative consequences of parents’ divorce

Family support

Education and school-related problematic behavior

Addictive substance use/dependence

Personal skill development/management of stressful life events

Primary prevention

Life-span continuum (Early stage-intensification of risk continuum)

Universal

Brain development and anti-inflammatory neuroprotection (Phosphatidylcholine and N-acetylcysteine supplementation)

Pathophysiological mechanisms during early development

Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and microbiota dysbiosis (Omega-3 fatty acid, vitamin, sulforaphane, and prebiotic supplementation)

Bullying and peer rejection (School-based behavioral interventions)

Substance abuse

Brain plasticity, structure, connectivity, and cognitive functioning (Lifetime exercise training)

Selective

Parental mental illness

Poor validity of boundaries between diagnostic categories

Paternal age

Lack of evidence-based selective interventions

Maternal and obstetric complications of pregnancy

Youth with family history of severe mental illness (genetic risk)

Season of birth

Ethnic minority

Immigration status

Urban environment

Infections

Childhood adversities, socio-financial disadvantage, maladaptive behavior (Nursing home visits, school-based interventions, home teaching)

Vitamin D deficiency and malnutrition

Low premorbid intelligence quotient

Traumatic brain injury

Heavy tobacco and cannabis use

Indicated

Psychosis-risk state

Limited psychosis detection rate

Service engagement and liaison with secondary intervention services

Pluripotent and trans-diagnostic risk state

Duration of untreated illness

Multi-component symptom intervention

Control of symptoms and self-control of emotion and behavior (Cognitive behavioral, relaxation, mindfulness, and meditation strategies)

Poor social problem solving and low quality of social support (Social skill training)

Interpersonal conflict (Interpersonal psychotherapy, forgiveness programs)

Loneliness and social difficulties in general (Resilience training)

Secondary prevention

Collaborative care

Primary care-specialist mental health care collaborations

Recovery

Duration of untreated illness

Poor treatment response/treatment resistance

Poor psycho-social well-being and functioning

Comorbid substance use

Burden on families

Tertiary prevention

Recovery

Disease progression

Poor treatment response/treatment resistance

Interventions to prevent multiple relapses

Poor psycho-social well-being and functioning

Comorbid substance use

Burden on families