Table 2 Characteristics of integrated community-based youth service hub models of primary focus in the review
From: Key attributes of integrated community-based youth service hubs for mental health: a scoping review
Program | Population | Setting characteristics | Service providers | Services and interventions | Infrastructure and care coordination methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11–25 years Youth with established or emerging mental health problems Any type of mental health problem, mild to severe | Youth-friendly physical spaces serve as portals for help-seeking and venues for peer support activities | ACCESS-trained clinicians (healthcare professionals who are not physicians) Youth and family peer support workers | Evidence-informed interventions staged by phase of illness and level of care needed Ranges from minimal support and basic psychosocial interventions to care for common and severe disorders, through connections to specialized services Tele-monitoring, remote specialist consultations, and electronic specialized interventions as needed | ACCESS clinician connects youth to appropriate services by referring to further specialized care if needed, introducing youth to specialists and, accompanying them and their families to initial appointments as needed | |
0–25 years Range of common mental health conditions | Non-stigmatizing, youth-friendly environment | Consultant psychiatrist Not further specified in documents reviewed | Youthspace included assessment and diagnostic formation followed by brief CBT and symptomatic treatment via medication by GP, with consultation team advising Community partnerships provided activities to reduce NEET status Access to on-line support and information, specialized intensive care streams when needed | Not specified in documents reviewed | |
12–24 years Mild to moderate mental health and substance use problems | Non-traditional settings (e.g., shopping centers, store fronts) | General practitioners, nurses and nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, social workers Peer support workers | Primary care, sexual health, mental health, substance use counseling Evidence-based practices Psychosocial rehabilitation, housing support, income assistance, and peer support through partnerships | Collective impact approach, involving centralized infrastructure and structured processes to coordinate ongoing collaboration, (e.g., data capture systems for cross-partnership service integration, clinical care, research, evaluation) Tele-health and information sharing guidelines to increase effectiveness and coordination of team-based care | |
headspace (AUS) [12,13,14, 29,30,32, 45,46,48, 50, 51, 52,53,54,56, 57,58,60, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74, 80, 81, 84, 90, 90,91,94, 97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,118] | 12–25 years Not diagnosis specific Majority present with high or very high levels of psychological distress 19–29% of young adults with NEET status | Centrally located, close to public transport Youth-friendly, relaxed environments: couches and bean bag chairs, colorful walls, creative artwork Less white space characteristic of traditional health care settings, open waiting area, open center spaces, and high ceilings Recreational activities | General practitioners, psychologists, counsellors at all centers Other specialist practitioners, such as psychiatrists or sexual health workers at some centers Youth workers or social workers at some centers Mental health nurses, occupational therapists, vocational support workers, and Aboriginal health workers | Four core service streams of mental health, drug and alcohol services, primary care, and vocational assistance CBT most common treatment provided for all presenting concerns, followed by supportive counseling (not including youth with features of borderline personality disorder), and psychoeducation Brief Intervention Clinic provided at some centers Enhanced headspace services provide evidence-based early intervention services for psychosis (headspace Youth Early Psychosis Programs) | All youth enter data electronically before each service occasion (Minimum Data Set process) headspace national office guides infrastructure efforts (e.g., funding and assessment guidelines, contracts, reporting structure and performance indicator development, policies, partnership documentation, memorandums of understanding, governance guidelines, business model guide) Youth Access Clinician screens youth, becomes coordinating clinician, and provides brief interventions and supports |
12–25 years, most common age: 16 years Not diagnosis specific High levels of psychological distress Many 21–25 year olds unemployed More females than males in brief interventions Majority of youth attend school, live with families, have married parents | Youth café facility provides a public space for a youth, a setting for program delivery, and a pathway to mental health and health supports | Variety of allied health professionals, such as psychologists, OTs, social workers, and mental health nurses Psychiatrists, GPs, youth workers, family therapists, drug counsellors at some sites Wraparound facilitators already engaged with youth in various contexts | Individual case consultations (indirect support) and brief contacts Brief interventions (1–6 sessions), CBT-informed and solution-focused Extensive engagement processes commonly addressing emotional, cognitive and behavioral self-regulation, substance abuse, learning and family issues Best-practice and evidence-based interventions Peer support Prevention programs Social, recreational, and work related programs | Youth data captured through online system designed to record important clinical, case management, service delivery, and outcome-related information Wraparound facilitator to ensure youth accesses necessary services Psychiatrists or nurses link youth with services at primary care or community mental health clinic if needed Outreach and support workers maintain connection and follow up with youth even after they engage with other services | |
Orygen Youth Health (AUS) [12, 14, 33, 61, 63, 72, 78, 83, 90, 120,121,124] | 15–25 years Psychosis, mood disorders, borderline personality disorder | Drop-in peer support and resource room designed and decorated by youth, co-located with outpatient services IMYOS provides services in most natural setting, often home, school, public locations | Case manager is main point of contact and is a mental health nurse, clinical or provisional psychologist, OT, or social worker Psychiatrists or psychiatric registrars. Peer support workers Hospital chaplains | Four specialized clinics offer 2 years of care and full range of interventions, including case management, individual support and therapy, and consultation–liaison; work closely with psychosocial recovery program Embedded forensic consultation pilot program to better manage and reduce risks of violence Crisis intervention and home-based treatment when needed Additional inpatient service focused on acute care and brief admissions | Single, shared health record Case manager links youth to services within and outside Orygen Youth Health Duty workers support with urgent matters if case worker unavailable |
14–18 years (study age range) Not diagnosis specific Youth with MH challenges | Community mental health sites Youth friendly spaces | Youth workers, social workers, care navigators, peer support workers, primary care providers High intensity psychiatric response: psychiatrists, NPs | Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) and group DBT for youth and family members Primary care, high intensity psychiatric response Care navigation, assertive outreach Peer support, e-health support tools, 24/7 crisis text support | Care navigator works with specialists to coordinate care, ensure continuity, and support transitions between systems such as education and justice, adolescent and adult mental health | |
10–25 years Not diagnosis specific | Centrally located Non-specific signage to reduce stigma | Doctors, nurses Youth workers and mentors, peer support workers Counselors, social workers, psychologists | Primary care, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, drug and alcohol services, counselling, smoking cessation, family planning, health promotion and education services Social services, including vocational, education, and training assistance, housing support Legal services, parenting and youth transition services CBT and motivational work | Youth workers facilitate access to all services, providing a bridge between the youth and needed services, and assist in coordinating care to optimize outcomes Early electronic flagging of clients as they turn 24 years to prompt transition planning |