Table 1 Variance analysis on gender, age and employment grade of 35 work-related stress intensity item mean scores (n = 2319)
From: A preliminary evaluation of psychological stress amongst workers in Taiwan: a cross-sectional survey
Work-related stress events | Stress intensity mean | Stress intensity rank | Gender | p | \({\text{r}}^{ 2}_{\text{pbi}}\) | Age group | p | Epsilon2 | Employment gradea | p | Epsilon2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (M) | Mean (F) | Mean (< 30) | Mean (30–40) | Mean (≧ 40) | Mean (Grade 1&2) | Mean (Grade 3&4) | Mean (Grade 5&6) | |||||||||
Serious injury or disease due to work (including accidents during commuting) | 5.39 | 12 | 4.87 | 6.14 | *** | 0.039 | 5.33 | 5.22 | 5.79 | *** | 0.005 | 5.93 | 5.43 | 5.03 | *** | 0.024 |
Experienced (witnessed) miserable accidents or disasters in workplace | 4.80 | 25 | 4.30 | 5.51 | *** | 0.044 | 4.76 | 4.61 | 5.18 | *** | 0.006 | 5.06 | 4.85 | 4.58 | ** | 0.020 |
Occupational accident due to own acts (including serious personal injuries and traffic accidents etc.) | 5.47 | 10 | 4.89 | 6.29 | *** | 0.044 | 5.53 | 5.24 | 5.84 | *** | 0.005 | 5.93 | 5.67 | 5.02 | *** | 0.023 |
Serious negligence which influences the operation of company | 5.53 | 8 | 4.96 | 6.32 | *** | 0.046 | 5.54 | 5.36 | 5.85 | ** | 0.003 | 6.02 | 5.70 | 5.07 | *** | 0.012 |
Being investigated about your responsibility to accidents (events) in company | 5.64 | 6 | 5.03 | 6.48 | *** | 0.057 | 5.66 | 5.46 | 5.94 | ** | 0.004 | 6.13 | 5.77 | 5.22 | *** | 0.015 |
Being demanded to do illegal behaviors such as tax evasion | 5.39 | 13 | 4.66 | 6.41 | *** | 0.063 | 5.55 | 5.12 | 5.75 | *** | 0.006 | 5.92 | 5.59 | 4.91 | *** | 0.008 |
Significant financial losses at work | 5.69 | 5 | 4.89 | 6.69 | *** | 0.068 | 5.83 | 5.47 | 6.02 | ** | 0.005 | 6.41 | 5.80 | 5.19 | *** | 0.000 |
Being assigned a task seems to be unachievable | 5.44 | 11 | 4.83 | 6.29 | *** | 0.070 | 5.52 | 5.25 | 5.71 | ** | 0.005 | 5.96 | 5.59 | 5.02 | *** | 0.002 |
Could not achieve the assigned work goal | 5.48 | 9 | 4.96 | 6.21 | *** | 0.052 | 5.68 | 5.30 | 5.64 | ** | 0.003 | 6.03 | 5.64 | 5.02 | *** | 0.000 |
Became an executive for a new venture or company reorganization | 5.17 | 17 | 4.62 | 5.94 | *** | 0.050 | 5.21 | 5.03 | 5.41 | * | 0.002 | 5.59 | 5.30 | 4.81 | *** | 0.001 |
Unreasonable demands or claims from customers or clients | 5.09 | 19 | 4.46 | 5.96 | *** | 0.068 | 5.25 | 4.80 | 5.44 | *** | 0.009 | 5.66 | 4.98 | 4.81 | *** | -0.001 |
Being requested to deliver speeches or presentations in a large session or a formal occasion | 4.99 | 21 | 4.42 | 5.78 | *** | 0.059 | 5.09 | 4.83 | 5.23 | * | 0.003 | 5.36 | 5.05 | 4.72 | *** | 0.001 |
Being appointed to be a deputy of superior | 4.63 | 30 | 4.13 | 5.33 | *** | 0.052 | 4.87 | 4.42 | 4.78 | *** | 0.005 | 4.74 | 4.65 | 4.54 | ns | |
Major changes in contents or loading of work | 4.85 | 23 | 4.44 | 5.40 | *** | 0.038 | 5.05 | 4.69 | 4.95 | ** | 0.003 | 5.06 | 4.79 | 4.79 | ns | |
Obvious increase of working hours | 4.76 | 26 | 4.36 | 5.31 | *** | 0.034 | 5.03 | 4.70 | 4.65 | * | 0.003 | 4.88 | 4.70 | 4.74 | ns | |
Work environment automation and computerization | 3.46 | 35 | 3.18 | 3.81 | *** | 0.018 | 3.32 | 3.31 | 3.82 | *** | 0.009 | 3.56 | 3.30 | 3.53 | ns | |
Being required to shift or transfer work shift | 4.30 | 34 | 3.90 | 4.84 | *** | 0.032 | 4.21 | 4.33 | 4.34 | ns | 4.29 | 4.28 | 4.33 | ns | ||
Company bankruptcy | 6.18 | 1 | 5.88 | 6.59 | *** | 0.012 | 5.86 | 6.10 | 6.65 | *** | 0.008 | 6.32 | 6.24 | 6.01 | ns | |
Being fired or forced to retire | 6.18 | 1 | 5.76 | 6.77 | *** | 0.024 | 6.01 | 5.99 | 6.66 | *** | 0.008 | 6.48 | 6.29 | 5.88 | *** | 0.006 |
Transfer to other branch companies | 5.06 | 20 | 4.59 | 5.73 | *** | 0.041 | 4.97 | 4.87 | 5.46 | *** | 0.007 | 5.28 | 5.12 | 4.86 | * | 0.003 |
Demotion | 5.27 | 16 | 4.84 | 5.86 | *** | 0.030 | 5.41 | 5.06 | 5.49 | ** | 0.004 | 5.57 | 5.39 | 4.95 | *** | 0.007 |
Promotion (thus change the work responsibility) | 4.49 | 31 | 4.11 | 5.00 | *** | 0.032 | 4.45 | 4.47 | 4.55 | ns | 4.62 | 4.53 | 4.35 | ns | ||
Encounter discrimination or disbenefit because of non-regular employee status | 4.75 | 27 | 4.28 | 5.41 | *** | 0.041 | 4.90 | 4.58 | 4.91 | * | 0.003 | 4.96 | 4.83 | 4.57 | * | 0.003 |
Transfer to other places (Be transferred to nonlocal places) | 4.82 | 24 | 4.28 | 5.56 | *** | 0.051 | 4.70 | 4.68 | 5.16 | *** | 0.005 | 5.09 | 4.89 | 4.58 | *** | 0.005 |
Take the responsibility for a job, which was charged by several employees but by yourself now | 5.37 | 15 | 4.94 | 5.96 | *** | 0.034 | 5.75 | 5.16 | 5.37 | *** | 0.007 | 5.40 | 5.36 | 5.36 | ns | |
Be transferred | 4.68 | 28 | 4.27 | 5.24 | *** | 0.035 | 4.68 | 4.53 | 4.94 | ** | 0.004 | 4.92 | 4.62 | 4.57 | * | 0.002 |
Increase or decrease of subordinates | 4.37 | 32 | 4.00 | 4.87 | *** | 0.031 | 4.39 | 4.31 | 4.40 | ns | 4.59 | 4.24 | 4.35 | * | 0.002 | |
Suffer from severe unreasonable or ill treatment, humiliation, or violent behavior | 5.62 | 7 | 4.95 | 6.56 | *** | 0.072 | 5.86 | 5.39 | 5.78 | ** | 0.004 | 5.88 | 5.79 | 5.37 | *** | 0.005 |
Sexual harassment | 4.99 | 22 | 3.88 | 6.54 | *** | 0.161 | 5.56 | 4.60 | 5.14 | *** | 0.014 | 5.27 | 5.20 | 4.68 | *** | 0.006 |
Dispute with superiors | 5.37 | 14 | 4.67 | 6.35 | *** | 0.079 | 5.60 | 5.18 | 5.51 | ** | 0.003 | 5.71 | 5.57 | 5.06 | *** | 0.009 |
Dispute with colleagues | 5.10 | 18 | 4.49 | 5.94 | *** | 0.068 | 5.52 | 4.90 | 5.06 | *** | 0.008 | 5.34 | 5.20 | 4.90 | ** | 0.004 |
Dispute with subordinates | 4.64 | 29 | 4.10 | 5.40 | *** | 0.054 | 4.94 | 4.51 | 4.64 | * | 0.003 | 4.88 | 4.74 | 4.44 | ** | 0.004 |
Direct management change | 4.35 | 32 | 3.90 | 4.97 | *** | 0.042 | 4.50 | 4.21 | 4.47 | * | 0.002 | 4.63 | 4.43 | 4.12 | *** | 0.006 |
Unpaid leave/leave of absenceb | 5.85 | 4 | 5.66 | 6.10 | *** | 0.005 | ||||||||||
Uncertain career prospectsb | 6.07 | 3 | 5.92 | 6.27 | ** | 0.004 | ||||||||||