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Table 5 Multivariate linear random effects models predicting psychiatric bed rates b

From: Institutionalization of deinstitutionalization: a cross-national analysis of mental health system reform

Independent variable

1

2

3

4

5

6

Innovators

 

1.23*

 

0.51

 

1.09*

  

(0.37)

 

(0.97)

 

(0.25)

Non-adopters

 

-0.09

 

1.25*

 

-0.02

  

(0.41)

 

(0.34)

 

(0.30)

Mental health plan

-0.02

0.00

-0.28*

-0.16

-0.07

-0.05

 

(0.08)

(0.09)

(0.12)

(0.12)

(0.07)

(0.08)

Mental health law

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.19

0.20*

0.20*

 

(0.10)

(0.11)

(0.12)

(0.12)

(0.08)

(0.08)

Log of psychiatrists

0.27*

0.26*

0.23+

0.23+

0.25*

0.25*

 

(0.11)

(0.11)

(0.12)

(0.12)

(0.08)

(0.08)

Log of nurses

0.27*

0.26*

0.21*

0.23*

0.25*

0.25*

 

(0.06)

(0.06)

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.05)

(0.05)

Log of psychologists

-0.03

-0.02

0.16

0.15

-0.08

-0.07

 

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.17)

(0.17)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Log of social workers

0.02

0.01

-0.15

-0.14

0.03

0.03

 

(0.07)

(0.07)

(0.13)

(0.13)

(0.06)

(0.06)

Mental-primary care

1.36+

1.43+

-0.60

-0.63

0.61

0.67

 

(0.76)

(0.76)

(0.99)

(0.96)

(0.42)

(0.42)

Community care

-0.05

-0.06

-0.20

-0.18

0.06

0.04

 

(0.15)

(0.16)

(0.26)

(0.26)

(0.13)

(0.13)

User and family assocs

-0.40

-0.48

-0.41

-0.32

-0.41

-0.47

 

(0.35)

(0.37)

(0.42)

(0.39)

(0.31)

(0.32)

NGO’s

-0.01

-0.04

0.13

0.87

0.17

0.18

 

(0.42)

(0.53)

(0.78)

(0.66)

(0.44)

(0.50)

Health info. tech.

0.16+

0.18+

-0.03

-0.05

0.05

0.06

 

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.13)

(0.13)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Log of MNS disorders

0.10

0.09

0.13

0.16

0.05

0.05

 

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.14)

(0.14)

(0.07)

(0.07)

Pharmaceutical:Health spending

-0.02

-0.02

-0.08

-0.02

0.07

-0.02

 

(0.01)

(0.01)

(0.17)

(0.02)

(0.10)

(0.01)

Health spending (%GDP)

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.04

-0.04

-0.03

 

(0.04)

(0.04)

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.03)

(0.03)

World Bank income group

0.19

0.18

-0.02

-0.05

-0.01

0.05

 

(0.12)

(0.11)

(0.02)

(0.17)

(0.01)

(0.10)

Log of disasters

-0.09+

-0.09+

-0.05

-0.02

-0.10*

-0.10*

 

(0.05)

(0.05)

(0.08)

(0.08)

(0.05)

(0.05)

Instances of war

0.18

0.18

0.45*

0.45*

0.31*

0.31*

 

(0.20)

(0.20)

(0.22)

(0.22)

(0.14)

(0.14)

Ethnolinguistic fractionalization

-0.25

-0.27

0.07

0.03

-0.25

-0.27

 

(0.22)

(0.21)

(0.26)

(0.24)

(0.18)

(0.18)

Political imprisonment

0.12+

0.12+

0.13

0.11

0.10*

0.10+

 

(0.06)

(0.07)

(0.09)

(0.09)

(0.05)

(0.05)

Government effectiveness

-0.02

-0.08

0.45+

0.34

0.10

0.05

 

(0.19)

(0.19)

(0.24)

(0.25)

(0.13)

(0.13)

Constant

0.52

0.58

1.61

0.11

1.93+

1.94

 

(1.37)

(1.53)

(1.91)

(1.80)

(1.09)

(1.22)

Number of observations

117

117

118

118

131

131

Breusch-Pagan chibar2(01)

 

20.08*

 

25.34*

 

25.71*

  

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

Hausman chi2(13)

 

8.75*

 

14.27*

 

4.36*

  

0.00

 

0.00

 

0.00

  1. +p < 0.10, *p < 0.05.
  2. bModels 1 and 2 pertain to mental hospital beds, 3 and 4 to general hospital beds, and 5 and 6 to overall bed rates. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. ‘Late adopters’ is the reference category against which innovators and non-adopters were compared to. It is a combination of early adopters, early majority, and late majority in Table 4.
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International Journal of Mental Health Systems

ISSN: 1752-4458