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Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression model assessing working status among Ghanaian female and male adults ¥

From: Psychological distress in Ghana: associations with employment and lost productivity

 

Females

Males

 

(N = 2,897)

(N = 2,494)

 

Unemployed§

Unemployed§

 

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Age

0.97 (0.95,0.98)*

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

Marital Status

  

Married

0.46 (0.25, 0.84)*

0.20 (0.11, 0.35)*

 Separated/Divorced

0.61 (0.26, 1.45)

0.30 (0.10, 0.89)*

 Widowed

0.44 (0.13, 1.47)

--

 Never Married

Reference

Reference

Education

  

 None

2.29 (1.13, 4.66)*

2.08 (1.07, 4.03)*

 Primary or Less

1.60 (0.75, 3.44)

1.20 (0.57, 2.52)

 Middle

1.86 (0.93, 3.74)

0.94 (0.49, 1.82)

 Secondary and Above

Reference

Reference

Region

  

 Western

1.60 (0.546, 4.78)

1.49 (0.45, 4.91)

 Central

0.45 (0.13, 1.52)

0.23 (0.07, 0.82)*

 Greater Accra

Reference

Reference

 Volta

3.52 (1.02, 12.15)*

0.28 (0.06, 1.27)

 Eastern

2.71 (0.87, 8.45)

0.34 (0.07, 1.70)

 Ashanti

2.48 (0.79, 7.74)

0.74 (0.14, 3.79)

 Brong Ahafo

1.42 (0.37, 5.42)

0.77 (0.13, 4.74)

 Northern

2.75 (0.91, 8.32)

0.46 (0.15, 1.46)

 Upper East

13.78 (4.398, 43.27)*

2.53 (0.68, 9.41)

 Upper West

3.27 (0.88, 12.17)

0.88 (0.19, 3.97)

General Health

  

 Very Healthy

Reference

Reference

 Somewhat Healthy

1.09 (0.698, 1.71)

1.10 (0.55, 2.20)

 Unhealthy

1.83 (1.00, 3.35)*

1.23 (0.55, 2.75)

Religion

  

 Christian

Reference

Reference

 Muslim

0.69 (0.41, 1.16)

0.80 (0.44, 1.46)

 No Religion

1.44 (0.75, 2.79)

0.90 (0.43, 1.87)

 Traditional

0.84 (0.52, 1.36)

1.17 (0.65, 2.11)

Wealth Quintiles

  

 Lowest 20%

7.49 (3.66, 15.35)*

11.96 (5.16, 27.72)*

 21–40%

9.39 (4.58, 19.24)*

6.78 (2.77, 16.47)*

 41–60%

2.41 (1.07, 5.40)*

3.54 (1.00, 12.53)*

 61–80%

0.67 (0.28, 1.62)

1.50 (0.54, 4.18)

 Highest 20%

Reference

Reference

Psychological Distress

  

 mild/No Distress

Reference

Reference

 Moderate

2.14 (1.46, 3.14)*

2.02 (1.17, 3.49)*

 Severe

3.84 (2.47, 5.97)*

12.41 (7.23, 21.28)*

  1. § Reference level of logistic model: Employed individual.
  2. ¥ p-value for interaction between sex and severe psychological distress: 0.004.
  3. *Indicates that OR is significant at 0.05 level.
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International Journal of Mental Health Systems

ISSN: 1752-4458