Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study | Country & Clinical Guideline | Setting | Methods | N | Audit period | Diagnosis | Treatment description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Addington et al. [35] | Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association | 2 hospital outpatient clinics and 1 community mental heath clinic | Medical record review | 216 | 2010–2011 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder + comorbid substance use disorder | Individual and/or group therapy + Family treatment, FI minimum 4 sessions |
Bedard et al. [49] | Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association | Early Intervention | Audit of care pathway forms | 108 | ’12 month time period’ | First episode psychosis | FI, psychoeducation |
Bioque et al. [33] | Spain Catalan Agency for Health Technology, Assessment and Research | Multicenter, mostly tertiary University Hospitals | Treatment was recorded at each assessment visit | 119 | 10.2012–12.2015 | Schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder | CBT + FI + Cognitive Remediation |
Breitborde et al. [19] | United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team | Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 68 | 6 months | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder or affective disorder with psychotic features | CBTp + FI + Metacognitive remediation therapy |
Clarke et al. [20] | Ireland HSE; Health Service Executive | Community-based mental health service, patients presenting to one of four General Adult Sectors with first episode psychosis | Audit, not specified | 66 | 2002–2012 | Schizophrenia, acute and transient psychotic episode, psychosis, drug-induced psychosis, mania with psychotic symptoms, severe depression with psychosis, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder | CBT + FI, family behavioural therapy and family education |
Coentre et al. [30] | Portugal No national schizophrenia clinical guideline | Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 39 | 09.2017–09.2018 | Schizophrenia, brief psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, bipolar disorder type 1 manic episode, cannabis induced psychotic disorder | CBTp |
Coleman et al. [36] | United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team | Healthcare systems participating in the Mental Health Research Network | Audit of insurance claims and electronic medical record databases | 35,812 | 2010–2011 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder + other psychosis | Psychotherapy |
Colling et al. [29] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention + Promoting Recovery | Audit of electronic health care records | 2579 | 07.2012–07.2013 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder + other schizophrenia spectrum disorder | CBTp, at least one session |
Cotter et al. [50] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 165 | 04.2012–03.2013 | First episode psychosis | FI, uptake in first 3 months in service |
Dubreucq et al. [32] | France No national schizophrenia clinical guideline | Stabilised outpatients recruited from FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise for Schizophrenia cohort | Audit, not specified | 183 | Baseline + 1 Year follow up | Schizophrenia + schizoaffective disorder | CBTp + Cognitive remediation therapy |
Fischler et al. [24] | Canada Canadian Psychiatric Association | 326-bed public teaching hospital specializing severe mental illness | Audit, not specified | 326 | 04.2014–03.2015 | Schizophrenia + schizoaffective disorder | CBTp |
Greenfield et al. [27] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention (over 35’s only) | Review of electronic health records + discussion with clinicians | 72 | 2011–2014 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, manic psychosis, depressive psychosis, PTSD, organic psychosis, drug induced psychotic disorder | CBTp, ‘formal in past year’ |
Haddock et al. [23] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Community Mental Health teams | Audit of electronic records | 187 | 11.2009–11.2010 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | CBTp + FI |
Harvey et al. [28] | Australia RANZCP; Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatry | Public specialised mental health services, non-government organisations, clinical services | Service user survey | 1825 | 03.2009–03.2010 | Psychosis | CBTp, ‘evidence-based level’ at least 8 sessions + FI, family psychoeducation at least 6 sessions |
Johns et al. [22] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Promoting Recovery + Early Intervention | Audit of self-report + electronic health records | 6369 | 11.2012–10.2015 | Schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, psychotic depression and other (psychosis) | CBTp, started by end of referral period |
Mason et al. [34] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Large secondary care mental healthcare provider | Audit of electronic healthcare records | 20,078 | 01.2007 – 06.2020 | ICD-10-defined schizophrenia spectrum disorder (F20–F29) | CBTp |
Molag et al. [31] | The Netherlands Trimbos Institute | Flexible Assertive Community Treatment (FACT) teams | Audit, not specified | 60 | 2012 – not specified | Schizophrenia | CBTp + FI |
North et al. [51] | United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team | Early Intervention | Audit of monthly service use data collected from billing records | 35 | 02.2015 – 03. 2016 | Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder (with psychosis), major depressive disorder (with psychosis) | FI, at least monthly family peer recovery support services |
Oluwoye et al. [37] | United States of America APA; American Psychiatric Association & PORT; Patient Research Outcomes Team | Early Intervention | Audit, not specified | 211 | 2015–2019 | Schizophrenia-spectrum disorder + other psychotic disorders including delusion disorder | FI, at least one session during 24-month period |
Rathod et al. [21] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention | Audit of routinely collected clinical data | 124 | 2017–2018 | Not stated | CBTp + FI, taken up within 6 months |
Royal college of psychiatrists, [25] | United Kingdom (England only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention | Service user survey to random sample | 10,560 | 2019–2020 | First episode psychosis | CBTp + FI, at least one session |
Royal college of psychiatrists, [26] | United Kingdom (Wales only) NICE; National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence | Early Intervention | Service user survey to random sample | 205 | 2019–2020 | First episode psychosis | CBTp + FI, at least one session |