From: University students’ use of mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study # | Author (year) | Mental health service categories | Â | Service location | Treatment | Service as described | Percentage of students who used the service | Reporting period | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Information (I) | Assessment (A) | Self-help and voluntary (S) | Outpatient (O) | Day care (D) | Residential (R) | Multiple service categories | |||||||
Single institution sample | |||||||||||||
1 | Bastos et al. (2022) [76] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 38.5% | Current |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Psychotherapy and medication | 17.1% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High Intensity | Psychotherapy | 15% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 6.8% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Other treatment | 0.3% | |||
2 | Huang et al. (2020) [48] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 60% | Current |
3 | Gebreegziabher et al. (2019) [79] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Doctor | 14.9% | Previous 2 weeks |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Mental health professional | 7% | |||
4 | Jennings et al. (2015) [49] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Primary care provider | 14.7% | Previous 2 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | Off campus | Any | Off campus mental health provider | 13.7% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 12.6% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Therapy | 17.9% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 68% | |||
5 | Cranford et al. (2008) [43] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Any | 17.9% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 12.41% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 10.56% | |||
6 | Eisenberg et al. (2007) [67] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 9% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 10% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 15% | |||
7 | Eisenberg et al. (2011) [46] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Counselling | 9.4% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 10.7% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 15.1% | |||
8 | Jardon et al. (2022) [70] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, S) | On campus | Any | Overall use of campus services | 39% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | High intensity | Mental illness treatment | 16% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R, S, I) | Off campus | Any | Overall use of off campus services | 66% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | Off campus | High intensity | Therapy | 20% | |||
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | Off campus | Specialist | Hospital | 2% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | Off campus | Any | Other mental health services | 16% | |||
9 | Lee et al. (2021) [50] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | On campus services | 33.5% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | Off campus | Any | Off campus services | 25.7% | |||
10 | Chang et al. (2013) [51] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | Any | 21% | Ever while at university |
11 | Williams et al. (2021) [68] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | University counselling Services | 36.4% | Ever while at university |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | University Health Services | 70.9% | |||
• |  |  |  |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | The Wellness Resource Center | 32.5% | |||
12 | Nilsson et al. (2004) [52] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | Counselling service | 2.6% | Ever while at university |
13 | Ryan et al. (2017) [73] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 75% | Ever while at university |
14 | Smith et al. (2021) [53] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | Off campus | Any | Off campus services | 40% | Ever while at university |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, I) | On campus | Any | On campus services | 68% | |||
15 | Yorgason et al. (2008) [54] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 17% | Ever while at university |
16 | Liu et al. (2017) [77] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | Counselling services | 5.1% | Ever while at university |
17 | Leao et al. (2011) [75] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | On campus counselling services | 26% | Ever while at university |
 |  | • |  |  |  |  | On campus | Advice and support | Mentoring service | 59% | |||
18 | Giusti et al. (2020) [80] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 22.3% | Ever |
19 | Bourdon et al. (2020) [55] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 42.4% | Ever |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 20.1% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Medical professional | 20.8% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | University counselling services | 19.9% | |||
Multiple institution samples | |||||||||||||
20 | Dyrbye et al. (2015) [56] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On campus | High intensity | Mental health specialist associated with the medical school | 68.2% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | Off campus | High intensity | Mental health specialist not associated with the medical school | 24.7% | |||
21 | Eisenberg et al. (2011) [45] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 13.7% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 14.8% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Any | 21.8% | |||
22 | Eisenberg et al. (2012) [20] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 9% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 16.2% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 19.7% | |||
23 | Fischbein et al. (2019) [44] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 20% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 16.6% | |||
24 | Han et al. (2016) [57] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Outpatient | 21.4% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | On or off campus | Specialist | Inpatient | 4.5% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 37.1% | |||
25 | Lipson et al. (2019) [9] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | On campus services | 11.8% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatric emergency | 1% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Other locations | 8.7% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 33.8% | |||
26 | Lipson et al. (2021) [23] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Therapy | 36.9% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 30.2% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | On campus services | 20.6% | |||
27 | Lu et al. (2014) [74] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 49% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Medical doctor | 6.3% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 5.6% | |||
28 | Nash et al. (2017) [58] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 11.1% | Previous 12 months |
29 | Sifat et al. (2022) [28] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Any | Medication or support from a mental health professional | 7.1% | Previous 12 months |
30 | Romano et al. (2022) [72] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Therapy or counselling | 38% | Previous 12 months |
31 | Conner et al. (2022) [71] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | High intensity | Psychological services | 23.3% | Ever while at university |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Specialist | Substance use services | 2.2% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R, S) | Off campus | Any | Off campus | 12.1% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | Off campus | Specialist | Off campus substance use services | 1.5% | |||
32 | Dunbar et al. (2017) [41] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | On campus services | 7.0% | Ever while at university |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | Off campus | Any | Off campus services | 9.5% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 13.7% | |||
34 | Sontag-Padilla et al. (2016) [47] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Any | On campus services | 10% | Ever while at university |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | Off campus | Any | Off campus services | 10% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (I, S, O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 20% | |||
35 | Turner et al. (2015) [59] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 21% | Ever while at university |
36 | Xiao et al. (2017) [60] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 8.95% | Ever while at university |
37 | Albright et al. (2020) [69] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | University Mental Health Service | 15% | Ever |
38 | Artime et al. (2019) [62] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 36.5% | Ever |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 13% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Another medical provider | 15.5% | |||
39 | Baams et al. (2018) [63] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 40.7% | Ever |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 12.9% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Another medical provider | 10.1% | |||
40 | Bonar et al. (2015) [64] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any mental health treatment | 46.9% | Ever |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Veteran Affairs centre treatment | 30.9% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Psychotherapy | 33.3% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medications | 22.2% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Military facility | 25.9% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Civilian facility | 24.7% | |||
41 | Kerr et al. (2013) [65] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 46.7% | Ever |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 19.9% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Another medical provider | 19.9% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | University counselling | 22.3% | |||
42 | Karaffa et al. (2019) [61] |  |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 68.6% | Ever |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Counselling | 62.5% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Medication | 36.8% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Family counselling | 14.7% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Group counselling | 8% | |||
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | On or off campus | Specialist | Crisis | 5.4% | |||
43 | Linden et al. (2021) [78] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | Low intensity | Therapy | 37.5% | Ever |
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | Low intensity | University counselling | 18.5% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 12.6% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | High intensity | Another medical provider | 20.9% | |||
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Any | Any | 44.7% | |||
44 | Rice (2015) [66] |  |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | Counselling | 36% | Previous 12 months |
 |  |  |  |  |  | • (O, R) | On or off campus | Specialist | Psychiatrist | 12% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On or off campus | High intensity | General medicine provider | 10% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | High intensity | University counselling on a small campus | 25.5% | Ever at uni | ||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | High intensity | University counselling on a medium campus | 20% | |||
 |  |  | • |  |  |  | On campus | High intensity | University counselling on a large campus | 19% | |||
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | Off campus | Specialist | Hospitalisation among students on a small campus | 4% | Ever | ||
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | Off campus | Specialist | Hospitalisation among students on a medium campus | 3% | |||
 |  |  |  |  | • |  | Off campus | Specialist | Hospitalisation among students on a large campus | 3% |