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Table 2 Service categories and mental health service use

From: University students’ use of mental health services: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study #

Author (year)

Mental health service categories

 

Service location

Treatment

Service as described

Percentage of students who used the service

Reporting period

Information (I)

Assessment (A)

Self-help and voluntary (S)

Outpatient (O)

Day care (D)

Residential (R)

Multiple service categories

Single institution sample

1

Bastos et al. (2022) [76]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

38.5%

Current

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Psychotherapy and medication

17.1%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High Intensity

Psychotherapy

15%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

6.8%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Other treatment

0.3%

2

Huang et al. (2020) [48]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

60%

Current

3

Gebreegziabher et al. (2019) [79]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Doctor

14.9%

Previous 2 weeks

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Mental health professional

7%

4

Jennings et al. (2015) [49]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Primary care provider

14.7%

Previous 2 months

   

•

   

Off campus

Any

Off campus mental health provider

13.7%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

12.6%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Therapy

17.9%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

68%

5

Cranford et al. (2008) [43]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Any

17.9%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

12.41%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

10.56%

6

Eisenberg et al. (2007) [67]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

9%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

10%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

15%

7

Eisenberg et al. (2011) [46]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Counselling

9.4%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

10.7%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

15.1%

8

Jardon et al. (2022) [70]

      

• (O, S)

On campus

Any

Overall use of campus services

39%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On campus

High intensity

Mental illness treatment

16%

      

• (O, R, S, I)

Off campus

Any

Overall use of off campus services

66%

   

•

   

Off campus

High intensity

Therapy

20%

     

•

 

Off campus

Specialist

Hospital

2%

   

•

   

Off campus

Any

Other mental health services

16%

9

Lee et al. (2021) [50]

   

•

   

On campus

Any

On campus services

33.5%

Previous 12 months

      

• (I, S, O, R)

Off campus

Any

Off campus services

25.7%

10

Chang et al. (2013) [51]

   

•

   

On campus

Any

Any

21%

Ever while at university

11

Williams et al. (2021) [68]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

University counselling Services

36.4%

Ever while at university

   

•

   

On campus

Any

University Health Services

70.9%

•

      

On campus

Low intensity

The Wellness Resource Center

32.5%

12

Nilsson et al. (2004) [52]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

Counselling service

2.6%

Ever while at university

13

Ryan et al. (2017) [73]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

75%

Ever while at university

14

Smith et al. (2021) [53]

      

• (O, R)

Off campus

Any

Off campus services

40%

Ever while at university

      

• (O, I)

On campus

Any

On campus services

68%

15

Yorgason et al. (2008) [54]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

17%

Ever while at university

16

Liu et al. (2017) [77]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

Counselling services

5.1%

Ever while at university

17

Leao et al. (2011) [75]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

On campus counselling services

26%

Ever while at university

  

•

    

On campus

Advice and support

Mentoring service

59%

18

Giusti et al. (2020) [80]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

22.3%

Ever

19

Bourdon et al. (2020) [55]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

42.4%

Ever

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

20.1%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Medical professional

20.8%

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

University counselling services

19.9%

Multiple institution samples

20

Dyrbye et al. (2015) [56]

      

• (O, R)

On campus

High intensity

Mental health specialist associated with the medical school

68.2%

Previous 12 months

      

• (O, R)

Off campus

High intensity

Mental health specialist not associated with the medical school

24.7%

21

Eisenberg et al. (2011) [45]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

13.7%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

14.8%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Any

21.8%

22

Eisenberg et al. (2012) [20]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

9%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

16.2%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

19.7%

23

Fischbein et al. (2019) [44]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

20%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

16.6%

24

Han et al. (2016) [57]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Outpatient

21.4%

Previous 12 months

     

•

 

On or off campus

Specialist

Inpatient

4.5%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

37.1%

25

Lipson et al. (2019) [9]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

On campus services

11.8%

Previous 12 months

     

•

 

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatric emergency

1%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Other locations

8.7%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

33.8%

26

Lipson et al. (2021) [23]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Therapy

36.9%

Previous 12 months

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

30.2%

   

•

   

On campus

Any

On campus services

20.6%

27

Lu et al. (2014) [74]

      

• (I, S, O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

49%

Previous 12 months

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Medical doctor

6.3%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

5.6%

28

Nash et al. (2017) [58]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

Counselling

11.1%

Previous 12 months

29

Sifat et al. (2022) [28]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Any

Medication or support from a mental health professional

7.1%

Previous 12 months

30

Romano et al. (2022) [72]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Therapy or counselling

38%

Previous 12 months

31

Conner et al. (2022) [71]

   

•

   

On campus

High intensity

Psychological services

23.3%

Ever while at university

   

•

   

On campus

Specialist

Substance use services

2.2%

      

• (O, R, S)

Off campus

Any

Off campus

12.1%

   

•

   

Off campus

Specialist

Off campus substance use services

1.5%

32

Dunbar et al. (2017) [41]

   

•

   

On campus

Any

On campus services

7.0%

Ever while at university

      

• (I, S, O, R)

Off campus

Any

Off campus services

9.5%

      

• (I, S, O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

13.7%

34

Sontag-Padilla et al. (2016) [47]

   

•

   

On campus

Any

On campus services

10%

Ever while at university

      

• (I, S, O, R)

Off campus

Any

Off campus services

10%

      

• (I, S, O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

20%

35

Turner et al. (2015) [59]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

Counselling

21%

Ever while at university

36

Xiao et al. (2017) [60]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

Counselling

8.95%

Ever while at university

37

Albright et al. (2020) [69]

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

University Mental Health Service

15%

Ever

38

Artime et al. (2019) [62]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

36.5%

Ever

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

13%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Another medical provider

15.5%

39

Baams et al. (2018) [63]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

40.7%

Ever

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

12.9%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Another medical provider

10.1%

40

Bonar et al. (2015) [64]

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any mental health treatment

46.9%

Ever

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Veteran Affairs centre treatment

30.9%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Psychotherapy

33.3%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medications

22.2%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Military facility

25.9%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Civilian facility

24.7%

41

Kerr et al. (2013) [65]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

46.7%

Ever

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

19.9%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Another medical provider

19.9%

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

University counselling

22.3%

42

Karaffa et al. (2019) [61]

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

68.6%

Ever

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Counselling

62.5%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Medication

36.8%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Family counselling

14.7%

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Group counselling

8%

     

•

 

On or off campus

Specialist

Crisis

5.4%

43

Linden et al. (2021) [78]

   

•

   

On or off campus

Low intensity

Therapy

37.5%

Ever

   

•

   

On campus

Low intensity

University counselling

18.5%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

12.6%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

High intensity

Another medical provider

20.9%

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Any

Any

44.7%

44

Rice (2015) [66]

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

Counselling

36%

Previous 12 months

      

• (O, R)

On or off campus

Specialist

Psychiatrist

12%

   

•

   

On or off campus

High intensity

General medicine provider

10%

   

•

   

On campus

High intensity

University counselling on a small campus

25.5%

Ever at uni

   

•

   

On campus

High intensity

University counselling on a medium campus

20%

   

•

   

On campus

High intensity

University counselling on a large campus

19%

     

•

 

Off campus

Specialist

Hospitalisation among students on a small campus

4%

Ever

     

•

 

Off campus

Specialist

Hospitalisation among students on a medium campus

3%

     

•

 

Off campus

Specialist

Hospitalisation among students on a large campus

3%