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Table 5 Bi-variable and multi-variable analysis of internalized stigma among PWMI at UOGCSH, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021

From: Internalized stigma and associated factors among people with mental illness at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest, Ethiopia, 2021

Variable

Categories

Internalized stigma

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

High N

Low N

  

Gender

Male

42

151

0.519 (0.326,0.826)

0.33 (0.175, 0.629) *

 

Female

60

112

Ref

Ref

Occupation

Unemployed

30

38

1.579 (0.752, 3.313)

0.81 (0.328, 1.998)

 

Farmer

26

71

0.732 (0.356, 1.508)

0.63 (0.263, 1.516)

 

Government employee

13

79

0.329 (0.146,0.744)

0.31 (0.118, 0.809) *

 

Student

8

21

0.762 (0.283, 2.054)

0.82 (0.257, 2.604)

 

Private employee

7

18

0.778 (0.275, 2.201)

0.57 (0.167, 1.952)

 

Others#

18

36

Ref

Ref

Diagnosis

Schizophrenia

54

93

2.206 (0.779, 6.246)

1.56 (0.455, 5.332)

 

Major depressive disorder

19

53

1.362 (0.446, 4.158)

1.19 (0.308, 4.614)

 

Bipolar

20

64

1.188 (0.393, 3.588)

0.84 (0.229, 3.074)

 

Generalized anxiety disorder

4

34

0.447 (0.107, 1.867)

0.75 (0.126, 4.424)

 

Others##

5

19

Ref

Ref

Life time substance use

Yes

44

79

1.767 (1.102, 2.833)

3.56 (1.867, 6.793)**

 

No

58

184

Ref

Ref

Psychotherapy use

Yes

18

77

0.518 (0.292, 0.919)

0.51 (0.250, 1.029)

 

No

84

186

Ref

Ref

Social support

Poor social support

42

57

2.063 (1.080, 3.943)

2.13 (0.978, 4.632)

 

Moderate social support

40

150

0.747 (0.402, 1.386)

0.71 (0.350, 1.431)

 

Strong social support

20

56

Ref

Ref

Medication adherence (MARS)

Adherent

23

89

0.569 (0.335,0.967)

0.56 (0.303, 1.026)

 

Non-adherent

79

174

Ref

Ref

Self esteem

Low

26

18

4.656 (2.422, 8.953)

8.31 (3.641, 18.977)**

 

High

76

245

Ref

Ref

History of hospitalization

Yes

90

178

3.581 (1.860, 6.898)

4.24 (1.875, 9.570)*

 

No

12

85

Ref

Ref

  1. *Statistically significant at p < 0.05, ** statistically significant at p < 0.01, Ref: Reference category; COR: Crude Odd Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odd Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; #merchant, house wife, daily laborer, retired; ##brief Psychotic disorder, sleep disorders, and post-partum psychosis