Social support, perceived stigma, and depression among PLHIV on second-line antiretroviral therapy using structural equation modeling in a multicenter study in Northeast Ethiopia

Table 4 Direct and indirect effect of socio-demographic, clinical, and perceived stigma on depression symptoms among PLHIV on Second-line antiretroviral therapy in Eastern Amhara region, Northeast Ethiopia, December 2020–February 2021 (n = 714)

	Estimates (\(\widehat{\beta }\))	Standardized estimate	SE of \(\widehat{\beta }\)	95% CI
Covariates
Social support → depression	− 0.90	− 0.58	0.11	− 1.11 to − 0.69
Social support → perceived stigma	− 0.54	− 0.6	0.07	− 0.66 to − 0.41
Perceived stigma → depression	0.40	0.24	0.09	0.23–0.57
An indirect effect of social support
SS → PS → depression	− 0.22	− 0.14	0.05	− 0.31 to − 0.13
The total effect of social support
SS → depression	− 1.12	− 0.72	0.11	− 1.34 to − 0.90
Other covariate effects on depression
Functional status: not workable	0.2	0.11	0.06	0.1–0.31
Comorbidity status: being comorbid	0.49	0.22	0.07	0.35–0.63
Last HIV viral load measurement
High viremia (VL > = 1000copies/ml)	0.17	0.11	0.05	0.08–0.26
Risk of substance use
Moderate and severe risk of substance use	0.29	0.18	0.05	0.18–0.39

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