Table 2 Cultural adaptations of interventions
Adaptation principle | Bolton et al. 2003. Uganda | Bass et al. 2006. Uganda | Bolton et al. 2007 | Chibanda et al. 2011. Zimbabwe | Petersen et al. 2011. South Africa | Ertl et al. 2011. Uganda | Murray et al. 2013. Zambia | Petersen et al. 2014. South Africa | Chibanda et al. 2016. Zimbabwe | Munetsi et al. 2018. Zimbabwe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Where the Intervention were first developed | USA | USA | USA | UK | USA | Australia | USA | USA | UK | UK |
Language (translation in local language) | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | + |
People (cultural competences of therapists) | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Metaphors (use of stories and local examples, use local symbols/idioms) | + | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | + | − |
Content (incorporation of local practices into treatment) | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Concepts (address stressors, social concepts, religious concepts) | + | + | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Goals (clients-derived goals) | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | − |
Methods (adaptation of training and supervision methods, i.e., to match LHWs experience levels) | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | + |
Context: Ensure acceptability (community engagement, ensuring fit with health/illness narratives) | + | + | + | + | − | + | − | − | + | − |
Security: Specific adaptation relating to conflict-affected setting (i.e., safety training, safety protocols) | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |