|
Socio-demographics
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
18–29
|
1 (Reference)
|
1 (Reference)
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
30–49
|
3.88 (1.52, 9.91)**
|
2.90 (1.05 7.99)*
|
1.17 (0.76, 1.79)
| |
|
50–69
|
2.56 (1.02, 6.40)*
|
2.41 (0.90, 6.46)*
|
1.14 (0.74, 1.75)
| |
|
Education
|
|
Secondary or more
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Standard 5–8
|
0.84 (0.31, 2.27)
| |
1.62 (0.89, 2.95)
| |
|
Standard 1–4
|
0.87 (0.34, 2.25)
| |
1.31 (0.77, 2.24)
| |
|
None
|
1.59 (0.22, 11.75)
| |
0.69 (0.35, 1.37)
| |
|
Marital status
|
|
Never married
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Married/cohabiting
|
1.20 (0.34, 4.27)
| |
1.69 (0.77, 3.70)
| |
|
Separated/divorced/widowed
|
0.59 (0.14, 2.49)
| |
2.00 (0.80, 5.02)
| |
|
Employment status
|
|
Nonpaid or unemployed
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Employed or student
|
1.23 (0.66, 2.27)
| |
0.71 (0.44, 1.16)
| |
|
Residence
|
|
Rural
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Urban
|
0.84 (0.25, 2.86)
| |
1.08 (0.63, 1.86)
| |
|
Language of interview
|
|
Tumbuka
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Chewa
|
0.88 (0.17, 4.57)
| |
1.79 (0.62, 5.18)
| |
|
English
|
1.31 (0.35, 4.85)
| |
2.57 (0.89, 7.41)
| |
|
Psychosocial distress
|
|
Alcohol family problem
|
5.09 (2.51, 10.31)***
|
5.04 (2.18, 11.65)***
|
3.11 (1.49, 6.49)**
|
2.75 (1.34, 5.61)**
|
|
Family member attempted suicide
|
0.98 (0.29, 3.29)
|
–
|
2.96 (1.31, 6.66)**
|
–
|
|
Family member died from suicide
|
0.50 (0.10, 2.44)
|
–
|
3.74 (1.32, 10.64)*
|
3.33 (1.10, 10.07)*
|
|
Passive smoking
|
1.80 (0.75, 4.30)
|
–
|
1.38 (0.88, 2.18)
|
–
|
|
Physical factors and risk behaviours
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (< 100 mmHg)
|
0.90 (0.42, 1.97)
|
–
|
2.96 (1.31, 6.68)**
|
0.96 (0.41, 2.18)
|
|
Not taking anti-hypertension medication
|
0.37 (0.08, 1.71)
|
–
|
1.79 (1.01, 3.16)*
|
1.35 (0.79, 2.30)
|
|
Body mass index
|
|
Normal
|
1 (Reference)
|
1 (Reference)
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Underweight
|
0.68 (0.23, 2.01)
|
0.78 (0.29, 2.11)
|
1.94 (0.94, 4.01)
| |
|
Overweight
|
1.18 (0.57, 2.46)
|
1.20 (0.52, 2.70)
|
0.73 (0.41, 1.28)
| |
|
Obesity
|
0.22 (0.05, 0.87)*
|
0.15 (0.04, 0.67)*
|
0.68 (0.35, 1.31)
| |
|
Diabetes status
|
|
No
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
1 (Reference)
|
–
|
|
Prediabetes
|
1.20 (0.24, 6.13)
| |
2.46 (0.99, 6.13)
| |
|
Diabetes
|
2.17 (0.43, 10.91)
| |
1.26 (0.37, 4.28)
| |
|
Raised total cholesterol
|
1.96 (0.71, 5.36)
|
–
|
0.59 (0.35, 1.01)
|
–
|
|
Heart attack, angina or stroke
|
0.90 (0.30, 2.68)
|
–
|
2.36 (1.28, 4.33)**
|
2.07 (1.17, 3.66)*
|
|
Early smoking initiation (≤ 14 years)
|
8.60 (2.03, 36.45)**
|
6.20 (0.75, 51.16)
|
2.01 (0.21, 19.27)
|
–
|
|
Current smokeless tobacco use
|
0.17 (0.02, 1.58)
|
–
|
1.91 (0.89, 4.14)
|
–
|
|
Current alcohol use
|
1.50 (0.65, 3.42)
|
–
|
2.33 (1.05, 5.14)*
|
1.48 (0.77, 2.83)
|
|
Alcohol dependence
|
1.76 (0.53, 5.80)
|
–
|
0.78 (0.15, 3.99)
|
–
|
|
No active transport
|
0.31 (0.10, 0.98)*
|
0.36 (0.11, 1.15)
|
2.62 (1.58, 4.35)***
|
2.43 (1.46, 4.06)**
|
|
Sedentary behaviour
|
2.64 (0.96, 7.25)
|
–
|
1.11 (0.57, 2.27)
|
–
|
