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Table 1 Study characteristics

From: Barriers and facilitators for scaling up mental health and psychosocial support interventions in low- and middle-income countries for populations affected by humanitarian crises: a systematic review

First author, year

Country (classificationa)

Crisis population

Resource team

User organisation

Innovation/Service being scaled up

Adult/child/both

Mental health outcomes targeted

Baingana, 2011

Uganda (L)

Natural Disaster

IDP

NGO: TPO Uganda

NGO, Community and Government health services

Recognition, assessment and management

Outreach services

Community response

Both

MHPSS needs; CMDs

Boothby, 2011

Indonesia (LM)

Natural Disaster

Local population

MoH, Indonesia Universityb, WHO, ADB, DfID AusAID, USAID

JSI, Indonesian Department of Health

Case management

Community outreach

Home visitation

Both

Axis I disorders (DSM-IV)

Budosan, 2007

Sri Lanka (LM)

Natural Disaster

Local and IDP

INGO: IMC, WHO

IMC, Divisional Medical Officers of Health

Community detection

‘Established mental health interventions’

Problem solving

Treatment for medically unexplained somatic pain

Not stated

Emotional and psychological health

Budosan, 2011

1: Sri Lanka (LM)

Natural Disaster

Local population

2: Pakistan (L)

Natural Disaster

Local population

3: Jordan (LM)

Conflict

Refugees

INGO: IMC

IMC, MoH, WHO, district staff

Community detection

‘Established mental health interventions’

Problem solving strategies

Treatment for medically unexplained somatic pain

Not stated

Overall mental health

Budosan, 2011

Haiti (L)

Natural Disaster

Local and IDP

NGO: Cordaid

Local NGOs, Ministry of Public Health and Population, local health departments

MHPSS interventions; problem solving skills, anxiety management, anger management, family and peer support, psychological support, stress management and medication

Not statedc

Priority MNS conditions

General mental health and wellbeing

Budosan, 2016

Philippines (LM)

Natural Disaster

Local population

WHO

Government, INGO: IMC

Psychosocial interventions

MedicationAcute psychiatric units

Psychoeducation

Detection

Not stated

CMDs and stress related conditions

Chandrasiri, 2015

Sri Lanka (LM)

Natural Disaster

Local population

WHO

Government Staff

Identification of CMDs

Crisis Intervention

Community and clinic outreach

Advocacy and family support

Problem solving

School programmes

Not stated

General mental health

Echeverri, 2018

Seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Cameroon (LM), Chad (L), Ethiopia (L), DRC (L), Kenya (LM), Uganda (L), Tanzania (L)

Conflict implied

Refugees

UNHCR, WHO

War Trauma Foundation, UNHCR, partner organisations

Identification and care, including medication and psychosocial interventions

Not stated

MNS conditions

Hijazi, 2011

Lebanon (UM)

Conflict

Refugees and Local population

INGO: IMC

IMC, MoH, local partners, IDRAACd, local NGO: AMEL Association

Medication

Other interventions for behavioural disorders, maternal depression, monitoring child development and ADHD

Psychosocial interventions including family support

Both

Range of disorders: local priorities including CMDs, severe disorders, medically unexplained symptoms, sleep, maternal mental health, and child and adolescent mental health

Humayun, 2017

Pakistan (LM)

Conflict

IDPs

WHO, IMC

Pakistan Army Field Hospital, IMC, District Health Office

Psychosocial interventions including:

Psychoeducation

Behavioural activation

Stress management

Problem solving Principles of behavioural therapy

Counselling

Both

CMDs

Priorities identified include depression, adjustment disorders, drug dependence, intellectual disabilities and behavioural disorders

Jordans, 2016

Nepal (L)

Conflict

Local population

Academic Institutions, NGO: TPO

NGO: TPO Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population

Assessment and management

Psychoeducation, emotional support

Pharmacological treatment

Brief, focussed, manualised problem-oriented psychosocial support (Behavioural Activation, Motivational Interviewing, CBT)

Community screening and monitoring

Not statede

Local priority mental health disorders, in particular, psychoses, depression, alcohol use disorders, epilepsy

Sadiq, 2011

Iraq (LM)

Conflict

Local population

MoH, INGO: IMC

MoH

Assessment, diagnosis and management

Not stated

Mental health, common neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders

Shackman, 2013

Sierra Leone (L)

Conflict

Local population

INGO: CAFOD

Five local NGOs, University of Makeni

Counselling

Family Support

Medication

‘Intervention’

Awareness and community sensitisation

Livelihood support

Not stated

General mental health

Siriwardhana, 2016

Sri Lanka (LM)

Conflict

Local population and IDPs

WHO, NIMH

MoH, Provincial health authorities and medical association

Identification and treatment

Not stated

CMDs: focus on depression, stress related disorders, medically unexplained symptoms, alcohol/drug use disorders and suicide

  1. TPO Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation; ADB Asian Development Bank; DfID UK Department for International Development; AusAID Australian Government Overseas Aid Program (AusAID) ; USAID United States Agency for International Development; JSI John Snow Inc.; IMC = International Medical Corps; MNS Mental, Neurological and Substance Use; CMD Common Mental Disorders; MoH Ministry of Health; UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; NIMH National Institute of Mental Health; CAFOD Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD)
  2. aClassification according to the World Bank at the time of the study
  3. bUniversity Faculty of Nursing
  4. cMention of ‘effects of extreme stressors on children and adolescents’ in PHC training topics (not community training)
  5. dLebanese Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care (IDRAAC)
  6. eSome services users below age 18, but child and adolescent services not mentioned