From: Prevalence and social determinants of psychological distress among people who use drugs in Cambodia
Variables in the model | GHQ-12 ≤ 2 (n = 927) | GHQ-12 > 2 (n = 671) | Bivariate logistic regression | Multiple logistic regression |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Sex | ||||
 Female | 298 (32.1) | 298 (44.4) | Reference | Reference |
 Male | 629 (67.9) | 373 (55.6) | 0.59 (0.48–0.73)*** | 0.54 (0.41–0.69)*** |
Age group | ||||
  < 25 | 351 (37.8) | 200 (29.8) | Reference | Reference |
 25–34 | 380 (41.0) | 300 (44.7) | 1.38 (1.10–1.74)** | 1.31 (1.00–1.72)* |
  ≥ 35 | 196 (21.2) | 171 (25.5) | 1.53 (1.17–2.00)** | 1.65 (1.18–2.32)** |
Current marital status | ||||
 Married | 349 (37.6) | 251 (37.4) | Reference | Reference |
 Never married | 448 (48.3) | 287 (42.8) | 1.42 (1.06–1.90)* | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) |
 Divorced/separated | 130 (14.1) | 133 (19.8) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) |
Level of formal education completed | ||||
 Primary education or none (0–6) | 472 (50.9) | 382 (56.9) | Reference | Reference |
 Lower secondary education (7–9) | 265 (28.6) | 182 (27.1) | 0.84 (0.67–1.07) | 1.06 (0.82–1.37) |
 Upper secondary or higher (≥ 10) | 190 (20.5) | 107 (15.9) | 0.69 (0.53–0.91)** | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) |
Type of living arrangements | ||||
 With family/relatives | 438 (47.2) | 314 (46.8) | Reference | Reference |
 On the streets | 87 (9.4) | 72 (10.7) | 1.15 (0.82–1.63) | 0.70 (0.46–1.06) |
 In own dwelling | 230 (24.8) | 131 (19.5) | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.56 (0.41–0.76)*** |
 With friends | 94 (10.2) | 72 (10.8) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) |
 Others | 78 (8.4) | 82 (12.2) | 1.47 (1.04–2.06)*** | 1.11 (0.76–1.63) |
Duration of drug use | ||||
  ≤ 2 years | 584 (63.0) | 380 (56.6) | Reference | Reference |
 3–5 years | 187 (20.2) | 147 (21.9) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) |
 6–9 years | 54 (5.8) | 44 (6.6) | 1.25 (0.82–1.90) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) |
  ≥ 10 years | 102 (11.0) | 100 (14.9) | 1.51 (1.11–2.04)*** | 1.11 (0.75–1.63) |
Had been sent to a drug rehabilitation center | ||||
 No | 821 (88.6) | 521 (77.6) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 106 (11.4) | 150 (22.4) | 2.23 (1.70–2.93)*** | 2.05 (1.47–2.85)*** |
Injection as mode of first drug use | ||||
 No | 838 (90.4) | 609 (90.8) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 89 (9.6) | 62 (9.2) | 0.95 (0.68–1.35) | 0.57 (0.35–0.92)* |
Had been sent to prison in the past 12Â months | ||||
 No | 834 (90.0) | 583 (86.9) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 93 (10.0) | 88 (13.1) | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) |
Had been slapped, kicked by parents/guardians | ||||
 No | 477 (51.5) | 250 (37.3) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 450 (48.5) | 421 (62.7) | 1.78 (1.45–2.18)*** | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) |
Had been insulted by family members | ||||
 No | 535 (57.7) | 245 (36.5) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 392 (42.3) | 426 (63.5) | 2.37 (1.93–2.91)*** | 2.10 (1.63–2.71)*** |
Had been sexually harassed/abused by someone | ||||
 No | 780 (84.1) | 468 (69.7) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 147 (15.8) | 203 (30.3) | 2.3 (1.81–2.93)*** | 1.80 (1.38–2.35)*** |
Had someone taking care of them when they got sick | ||||
 No | 86 (9.3) | 83 (12.4) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 841 (90.7) | 588 (87.6) | 0.72 (0.53–0.99)* | 0.69 (0.48–1.01)* |
Had emotional support from family members | ||||
 No | 124 (13.4) | 111 (16.5) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 803 (86.6) | 560 (83.5) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) |
Injected drugs in the past 12Â months | ||||
 No | 769 (83.0) | 531 (79.1) | Reference | Reference |
 Yes | 158 (17.0) | 140 (20.9) | 1.28 (0.99–1.65) | 1.40 (0.95–2.06) |
Current HIV status | ||||
 Negative | 588 (63.4) | 430 (64.1) | Reference | Reference |
 Positive | 31 (3.3) | 47 (7.0) | 2.07 (1.29–3.32)** | 1.63 (0.98–2.71) |
 Do not know | 308 (33.3 | 194 (28.9) | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 1.10 (0.87–1.40) |