Table 3 Application of common principles of integrated community-based youth service hub models of primary focus in the review
From: Key attributes of integrated community-based youth service hubs for mental health: a scoping review
Program | Improving access to care and early intervention | Youth and family participation and engagement | Youth-friendly settings and services | Evidence-informed approaches | Partnerships and collaborations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACCESS Open Minds | Provides timely access, early identification [39, 40] Employs clinician as single contact point for direct, rapid access to assessment (72 h; [40, 41]) | Engages youth and families in project conceptualization, core values, implementation, and research [39, 40] Includes youth as full care partners and encourages participation of youth and families at all levels (e.g., peer support, service planning, evaluation, research [40, 41]) | Commits to a youth-friendly, empowering culture [40, 41] Offers youth-friendly physical spaces called Youth Space as portals for help-seeking and venues for peer support activities [13, 40] | Provides access to evidence-informed mental health care [39] Utilizes needs-based staging model [40, 41] Generates evidence and tests effectiveness of service model [13, 40] | Forms coalition of partners integrating research into care [39, 40] Includes network of youth, family/carer, community, service provider, researcher, and policy/decision maker stakeholder groups [40, 41] Utilizes partnerships with emergency/hospital services [40, 41] |
Forward Thinking Birmingham | Provides rapid response and assessment/diagnostic formation to GP within 1 week [13, 37] Improves access to effective support and provides range of services based on principles of prevention/early intervention [13] | Consults extensively with youth and conducted qualitative research on experiences with existing services [14] Designs website for advice, education, and individualized assessment based on youth input [14] | Emphasizes non-stigmatizing, youth-friendly environments and services [37] | Uses CBT as default evidence-based intervention [14] | Leverages partnership with agency focused on education, skill training, entrepreneurship, social inclusion and employment [14] Creates consortium of NHS partners (child/adult services), voluntary sector, and private healthcare organization [13] |
Foundry | Improves access to youth mental health, substance use, and primary care services [43] Offers drop-in services [43] Provides online access and local walk-in centers [42] Improves service providers’ and community members’ knowledge of how to access services [76] Includes prevention and early intervention as core service components [43] | Designs service delivery and makes decisions with youth participation to reduce service barriers, better meet needs, and promote youth-friendly approaches [43] Involves youth in staff recruitment; utilizes Youth Advisory Groups [43, 98] Promotes engagement activities (e.g., focus groups and journey mapping) to make youth and families’ experience central to the process [75, 79] | Utilizes youth-friendly storefronts, non-stigmatizing centers; offers accessible hours and preferable locations [43] Employs friendly health and service providers [42] | Utilizes evidence-based best practices [42] Uses integrated e-health based on emerging evidence [43] Links expanded implementation to outcomes and evaluation results [43] | Forms governing council based on partnership of several organizations [43] Utilizes partnerships for peer and housing support, income assistance, phone/chat/email/text supports, and online therapies [43] Plans collaborations for public health approaches and Aboriginal youth needs [43] Partners with school districts and communities for mental health awareness [75] |
headspace | Offers highly accessible model of care [30, 31] Provides physical health services to allow for stigma-free access point [14] Utilizes clinical staging approach to support early and pre-emptive intervention [90] | Develops national and local youth participation initiatives [31, 59] Consults youth advisory groups about various matters (e.g., youth friendly environment, staff recruitment, operational decisions; [31, 59, 74]) Solicits feedback from youth and families through exit surveys, audits, websites and social media, feedback box, and focus groups [31, 70, 80] Promotes youth decision making about care and peer support [31, 106] | Prioritizes youth participation to achieve youth friendliness [74] Creates youth-friendly atmosphere: youth art, structural building changes, youth-friendly location, information of interest to youth in waiting area [31, 70] Facilitates youth participation in mental health care via physical set-up of clinics and being made to feel welcome by all staff [31, 60] | Provides evidence-based care within a clinical staging framework [31, 90] Utilizes CBT-based interventions for depression, anxiety, and psychosis, and motivational interviewing and behavior contingencies for substance use [90] Provides CBT most often for all primary concerns [73] Plans to produce evidence-based resources to support sites in using evidence-based practices [90] | Designs and develops model with input from consortium of research and academic institutes, practice network, and psychological society [90] Links to local specialist services, schools, and other community-based organizations [31, 90] Identifies key agency to lead each center on behalf of local consortium of organizations who coordinate and deliver four core service streams [14] |
Jigsaw | Offers diversity of access pathways, often self- and parent-referral [14, 57] Provides central location and immediate response [34] Offers accessible prevention and early intervention services [34, 36] | Engages youth in design, implementation, and review of programs and conducted extensive youth consultation process [34, 57] Involves Youth Advisory Panel at each site and Youth Participation Officer in design and planning process of each initiative [34] Engages youth to increase likelihood services are relevant, stigma-free, and accessible [36] | Sees youth in their usual settings; plans youth café facility [34] Consults youth on creating welcoming and approachable sites (e.g., colour schemes, language to describe program, process for entering site, balance between professional and relevant for youth; [36]) Offers youth-friendly, storefront drop-in center [120] | Supports service providers in providing evidence-based, best practice approaches [36, 57] Exposes sites to youth mental health literature to promote adoption of best practices and reviewed evidence-based programs and research literature in development process [36] | Fosters partnerships among services [36] Engages and partners with all relevant stakeholders, including key statutory, community, and volunteer agencies, and establishes new partnerships [14] Develops positive partnerships with government [34] |
Orygen Youth Health | Matches target age with peak MH onset [12] Provides early intervention for psychosis, mood disorders, and borderline personality disorder [14] Offers 24/7 triage, assessment, and crisis response [14] | Facilitates regular meetings of current and past clients to improve service, produce newsletter, and participate in selecting staff [63, 122] Offers mobile outreach services (IMYOS) for high-risk youth with complex needs and history of poor engagement with clinic-based services [61, 78, 83] Provides flexible interventions and engages family [124]; designs interventions with youth and families’ guidance [61] | Advocates youth-friendly approaches within IMYOS [61] Fosters youth-friendly culture [14] | Provides evidence-based mental health care [14] Focuses on development and delivery of best- practice interventions within IMYOS, though overall approach without documented evidence base [61] Uses cognitive therapy routinely [61] | Links with other mental health and general support agencies essential to ensure quality service delivery [14] Provides pilot forensic services through consulting clinicians from specialist institute [123] |
YouthCan IMPACT | Offers MHA services within walk-in clinic/one-stop shop [44] Improves access to timely services through community-based stepped-care model [44] Provides an early, low intensity intervention through solution-focused brief therapy [52] | Develops model with key participation of youth and family members with lived experience of the mental health system [52] Engages youth in all aspects of the project, such as designing the research study, (i.e., advising how to measure improvement) and choosing clinical services offered [88] | Provides services in youth-friendly environments in the community [52] | Links several evidence-informed components within model [52] Includes evidence-informed interventions, namely, solution-focused brief therapy, youth- and family-focused DBT, and peer support [52] | Develops model in partnership with several community agencies, adolescent psychiatry departments, academic collaborators, and other stakeholders [52] Partners with outreach services and targeted intervention programs [52] Encourages partners to join a common culture and respects unique strengths [44] |
Youth One Stop Shops | Promotes access to range of health care and social services [38] Improves access through outreach, mobile, satellite services, and/or evening hours; provides transport at times [38] Offers services in central locations, close to public transport and other places youth frequent [38] Utilizes youth workers to serve as a communication bridge [38] | Opens site with youth-driven efforts: commissioning needs analysis, forming a trust and lobbying for funding, and employing staff [126] Facilitates youth focus groups; involves youth in activities such as designing a youth health information card [65] Involves youth at all levels (e.g., service evaluation, decision-making processes [38]) | Offers youth-friendly opening hours to accommodate school and work [38] Provides facilities attractive to youth (e.g., couches, music, recreational activities; [38]) Employs staff skilled in interacting with youth, responding to needs [38, 127] | Utilizes CBT [65] | Links with several organizations formally and informally within and outside the health and disability sector; allows for varying types of relationships and information exchange [38, 127] Enables through linkages co-location of services, collaboration on community projects and events, development of resources, and cross-trainings [38] Facilitates better service transitions through collaborations with mental health services [126] |