Mental health problems both precede and follow bullying among adolescents and the effects differ by gender: a cross-lagged panel analysis of school-based longitudinal data in Vietnam

Table 4 GSEM model investigating the reciprocal association between bulling involvement and suicidal ideation by gender

Bullying victimisation at Time 1	Suicidal ideation at Time 2^a
	Full sample		Female		Male
	No (ref.)	Yes-OR (95% CI)	No (ref.)	Yes-OR (95% CI)	No (ref.)	Yes-OR (95% CI)
Not involved (ref.)	1.0	–	1.0	–	1.0	–
Victims	1.0	2.02** (1.33–3.06)*	1.0	2.12* (1.21–3.72)*	1.0	1.88 (0.98–3.60)
Bully-victims	1.0	1.83 (1.01–3.32)*	1.0	2.30 (1.07–4.92)*	1.0	1.32 (0.54–3.23)

Suicidal ideation at Time 1	Bullying victimisation at Time 2^b (Ref: not involved)
	Full sample		Female		Male
	RRs (95% CI)		RRs (95% CI)		RRs (95% CI)
	Victims	Bully-victims	Victims	Bully-victims	Victims	Bully-victims
No (ref.)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.45 (0.91–2.31)	2.21 (1.17–4.15)*	1.51 (0.81–2.82)	2.27 (0.94–5.05)	1.54 (0.71–3.34)	2.55 (1.00–6.56)*

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001
^aGSEM models were adjusted for previous suicidal ideation and covariates including age, family support, friend support, witnessing parental violence, sibling conflict, student’s time spent online, perceiving other students and teachers as helping stop bullying, and family structure
^bGSEM models were adjusted for previous bullying victimisation and similar covariates in suicidal ideation models

ISSN: 1752-4458