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Table 2 GSEM model investigating the reciprocal association between bulling involvement and depressive symptoms by gender

From: Mental health problems both precede and follow bullying among adolescents and the effects differ by gender: a cross-lagged panel analysis of school-based longitudinal data in Vietnam

Bullying victimisation at Time 1

Depressive symptom at Time 2a

Full sample

Female

Male

Coef. (95% CI)

p value

Coef. (95% CI)

p value

Coef. (95% CI)

p value

Not involved (ref.)

1.0

–

1.0

–

1.0

–

Victims

1.39* (0.20–2.59)

0.02

− 0.59 (− 2.19–1.01)

0.47

2.87*** (1.12–4.63)

0.00

Bully-victims

2.02* (0.10–3.93)

0.04

0.33 (− 1.92–2.59)

0.77

3.22** (0.71–5.73)

0.01

Depressive symptoms at Time 1

Bullying victimisation at Time 2 (Ref: not involved)b

Full sample

Female

Male

RRs (95% CI)

RRs (95% CI)

RRs (95% CI)

Victims

Bully-victims

Victims

Bully-victims

Victims

Bully-victims

Depression

1.02* (1.00–1.04)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

1.04** (1.01–1.07)

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

  1. Coef., coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confident interval; RRs, relative-risk ratio
  2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001
  3. aGSEM models were adjusted for previous depression symptoms and other covariates including age, family support, friend support, witnessing parental violence, sibling conflict, student’s time spent online, perceiving other students and teachers as helping stop bullying, and family structure
  4. bGSEM models were adjusted for previous bullying victimisation and similar covariates in depression symptom models