Table 2 Predictors of loneliness
From: Loneliness correlates and associations with health variables in the general population in Indonesia
Variable | Moderate loneliness | Severe loneliness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
CrRRR (95% CI) | ARRR (95% CI) | CrRRR (95% CI) | ARRR (95% CI) | |
Gender | ||||
 Female | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Male | 1.13 (1.05, 1.20)*** | 1.06 (0.96, 1.16) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99)* | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) |
Age | ||||
 15–29 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 30–59 | 0.54 (0.50, 0.58)*** | 0.59 (0.52, 0.66)*** | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90)*** | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83)*** |
 60 or more | 0.41 (0.35, 0.47)*** | 0.37 (0.30, 0.46)*** | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 0.64 (0.53, 1.13) |
Education | ||||
 None or elementary | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 High school or higher | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87)*** | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94)** | 0.60 (0.56, 0.64)*** | 0.60 (0.54, 0.66)*** |
Subjective economic background | ||||
 Poor | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Medium | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92)*** | 0.82 (0.73, 0.92)*** | 0.59 (0.55, 0.64)*** | 0.66 (0.60, 0.73)*** |
 Rich | 0.70 (0.64, 0.78)*** | 0.69 (0.60, 0.79)*** | 0.56 (0.51, 0.61)*** | 0.65 (0.57, 0.72)*** |
Marital status | ||||
 Unmarried | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Married, cohabitating | 0.50 (0.46, 0.55)*** | 0.72 (0.63, 0.82)*** | 0.78 (0.72, 0.85)*** | 0.77 (0.67, 0.87)*** |
 Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.57 (0.49, 0.66)*** | 0.92 (0.73, 1.14) | 1.23 (1.09, 1.39)*** | 1.05 (0.86, 1.28) |
Residence | ||||
 Rural | 1 (reference | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Urban | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93)*** | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) |
Childhood hunger | ||||
 No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Yes | 1.29 (1.14, 1.46)*** | 1.36 (1.15, 1.61)*** | 1.82 (1.65, 2.01)*** | 1.52 (1.33, 1.73)*** |
Childhood health status | ||||
 Poor/fair | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Good | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93)*** | 0.89 (0.80, 0.99)* | 0.76 (0.70, 0.82)*** | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89)*** |
 Very good | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98)* | 0.90 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97)** | 0.96 (0.86, 1.06) |
Chronic conditions | ||||
 None | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 One | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22)* | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25)* | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28)*** | 1.20 (1.09, 1.32)*** |
 Two or more | 1.22 (1.08, 1.39)** | 1.22 (1.04, 1.43)* | 1.28 (1.15, 1.41)*** | 1.32 (1.15, 1.51)*** |
IADL | ||||
 No | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
 Yes | 1.65 (1.52, 1.79)*** | 1.42 (1.28, 1.57)*** | 1.56 (1.45, 1.67)*** | 1.41 (1.28, 1.54)*** |
Social capital | ||||
 Low | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29)*** | 1.03 (0.93, 1.13) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17 | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) |
Neighbourhood trust | ||||
 Scale | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96)*** | 0.92 (0.87, 097)** | 0.90 (0.85, 0.94)*** | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95)*** |