Table 3 The direct, indirect, and total effects of socio-demographic and trafficking exposure characteristics on symptoms of mental health problem among Ethiopian victims of trafficking, derived from the GSEM, 2016

DV: violence (effect measure is OR)

 Sex

  Male

1.0

  Female

1.84 (1.47–2.29)

–

–

 History of detention

  No

1.0

  Yes

2.06 (1.67–2.53)

–

–

 Social support

0.86 (0.83–0.90)

–

–

 Time in trafficking

1.01 (1.005–1.015)

–

–

DV: depression (effect measure is β)

 Sex

  Male

0.0

  Female

1.23 (0.98–1.49)

–

–

 Restricted freedom

  No

0.0

  Yes

0.94 (0.71–1.17)

–

–

 History of detention

  No

0.0

  Yes

0.89 (0.65–1.13)

–

–

 Social support

− 0.12 (− 0.16 to − 0.08)

–

–

 Time in trafficking

− 0.015 (− 0.02 to − 0.01)

–

–

DV: anxiety (effect measure is β)

 Violence

  No

0.0

  Yes

0.46 (0.26–0.66)

–

–

 Sex

  Male

0.0

0.0

0.0

  Female

0.91 (0.63–1.19)

0.280 (0.123–0.437)

1.190 (0.884–1.497)

 Restricted freedom

  No

0.0

  Yes

1.24 (0.97–1.51)

–

–

 History of detention

  No

0.0

0.0

0.0

  Yes

1.05 (0.77–1.33)

0.332 (0.160–0.504)

1.380 (1.074–1.687)

 Social support

− 0.18 (− 0.23 to − 0.13)

− 0.068 (− 0.103 to − 0.034)

− 0.2464 (− 0.309 to − 0.183)

 Time in trafficking

− 0.016 (− 0.02 to − 0.01)

0.005 (0.002–0.008)

− 0.012 (− 0.018 to − 0.006)

DV: PTSD (effect measure is β)

 Violence

  No

0.0

  Yes

4.00 (2.06–5.94)

–

–

 Sex

  Male

0.0

0.0

0.0

  Female

16.72 (15.58–17.87)

2.434 (0.960–3.908)

19.157 (17.727–20.586)

 Restricted freedom

  No

0.0

  Yes

13.00 (11.23–14.77)

–

–

 History of detention

  No

0.0

0.0

  Yes

12.74 (11.14–14.34)

2.887 (1.255–4.518)

15.627 (13.708–17.545)

 Wealth index

− 1.01 (− 1.57 to − 0.45)

–

–