Characteristic | Postpartum depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 5) N = 3147 | Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (n = 3147) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes 385 (12.2) | No 2762 (88.8) | |||
Age (years) | ||||
 < 20 | 11 (10.3) | 96 (89.7) | Reference | Reference |
 20–29 | 191 (10.9) | 1563 (89.1) | 1.06 (0.56, 2.02) | 2.38 (0.76, 7.39) |
 30–39 | 175 (14.4) | 1042 (85.6) | 1.46 (0.77, 2.79) | 1.90 (0.82, 4.38) |
 40 or more | 8 (11.6) | 61 (88.4) | 1.14 (0.43, 3.00) | 1.87 (0.83, 4.20) |
Not currently married | 11 (21.6) | 40 (78.4) | 2.00 (1.01, 3.93) | 1.05 (0.46, 2.40) |
Rural residence | 363 (13.0) | 2425 (87.0) | 2.93 (1.46, 3.57) | 2.60 (1.58, 4.27) |
No formal education | 308 (13.9) | 1904 (86.1) | 1.80 (1.38, 2.34) | 1.31 (0.96, 1.80) |
Husband unhappy about baby gender | 58 (15.8) | 308 (84.2) | 1.43 (1.04, 1.91) | 1.20 (0.77, 1.85) |
Perinatal complication | 86 (24.9) | 260 (75.1) | 2.76 (2.10, 3.63) | 2.43 (1.80, 3.29) |
History of stillbirth | 37 (22.8) | 125 (77.2) | 2.24 (1.52, 3.29) | 1.42 (0.92, 2.19) |
History of abortion | 61 (20.6) | 235 (79.4) | 2.02 (1.49, 2.74) | 1.45 (1.03, 2.04) |
Parity | ||||
 Primiparous | 40 (7.9) | 464 (92.1) | Reference | Reference |
 2–4 live births | 149 (10.7) | 1244 (89.3) | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) | 1.43 (0.91, 2.23) |
 Five or more | 196 (15.7) | 1054 (84.3) | 2.15 (1.50, 3.08) | 1.94 (1.18, 3.20) |
Hunger in the previous month | 126 (29.0) | 308 (71.0) | 3.87 (3.03, 4.94) | 1.95 (1.43, 2.67) |
Relative wealth | ||||
 Less | 171 (21.4) | 629 (78.6) | 4.21 (2.47, 7.18) | 1.84 (1.03, 3.29) |
 Same | 198 (9.5) | 1885 (90.5) | 1.62 (0.96, 2.75) | 1.34 (0.77, 2.31) |
 Better | 16 (6.1) | 248 (93.9) | Reference | Reference |
Social support | ||||
 Poor | 104 (18.3) | 465 (81.7) | 2.18 (1.61, 2.95) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) |
 Intermediate | 187 (11.9) | 1378 (88.1) | 1.32 (1.02, 1.72) | 0.81 (0.58, 1.14) |
 Strong | 94 (9.3) | 919 (90.7) | Reference | Reference |
Husband does not live in the same house | 70 (18.0) | 319 (82.0) | 1.70 (1.28, 2.26) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.83) |
Husband drinks too much alcohol | 95 (13.6) | 602 (86.4) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.50) | 0.79 (0.60, 1.04) |
Poor marital relationship | 80 (27.5) | 211 (72.5) | 3.17 (2.38, 4.21) | 2.13 (1.53, 2.97) |