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Table 3 Crude and adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms in women from Sodo district, Ethiopia

From: Postpartum depressive symptoms in the context of high social adversity and reproductive health threats: a population-based study

Characteristic

Postpartum depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ≥ 5) N = 3147

Crude odds ratio (95% confidence interval)

Adjusted Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (n = 3147)

Yes 385 (12.2)

No 2762 (88.8)

Age (years)

 < 20

11 (10.3)

96 (89.7)

Reference

Reference

 20–29

191 (10.9)

1563 (89.1)

1.06 (0.56, 2.02)

2.38 (0.76, 7.39)

 30–39

175 (14.4)

1042 (85.6)

1.46 (0.77, 2.79)

1.90 (0.82, 4.38)

 40 or more

8 (11.6)

61 (88.4)

1.14 (0.43, 3.00)

1.87 (0.83, 4.20)

Not currently married

11 (21.6)

40 (78.4)

2.00 (1.01, 3.93)

1.05 (0.46, 2.40)

Rural residence

363 (13.0)

2425 (87.0)

2.93 (1.46, 3.57)

2.60 (1.58, 4.27)

No formal education

308 (13.9)

1904 (86.1)

1.80 (1.38, 2.34)

1.31 (0.96, 1.80)

Husband unhappy about baby gender

58 (15.8)

308 (84.2)

1.43 (1.04, 1.91)

1.20 (0.77, 1.85)

Perinatal complication

86 (24.9)

260 (75.1)

2.76 (2.10, 3.63)

2.43 (1.80, 3.29)

History of stillbirth

37 (22.8)

125 (77.2)

2.24 (1.52, 3.29)

1.42 (0.92, 2.19)

History of abortion

61 (20.6)

235 (79.4)

2.02 (1.49, 2.74)

1.45 (1.03, 2.04)

Parity

 Primiparous

40 (7.9)

464 (92.1)

Reference

Reference

 2–4 live births

149 (10.7)

1244 (89.3)

1.38 (0.96, 2.00)

1.43 (0.91, 2.23)

 Five or more

196 (15.7)

1054 (84.3)

2.15 (1.50, 3.08)

1.94 (1.18, 3.20)

Hunger in the previous month

126 (29.0)

308 (71.0)

3.87 (3.03, 4.94)

1.95 (1.43, 2.67)

Relative wealth

 Less

171 (21.4)

629 (78.6)

4.21 (2.47, 7.18)

1.84 (1.03, 3.29)

 Same

198 (9.5)

1885 (90.5)

1.62 (0.96, 2.75)

1.34 (0.77, 2.31)

 Better

16 (6.1)

248 (93.9)

Reference

Reference

Social support

 Poor

104 (18.3)

465 (81.7)

2.18 (1.61, 2.95)

0.89 (0.66, 1.19)

 Intermediate

187 (11.9)

1378 (88.1)

1.32 (1.02, 1.72)

0.81 (0.58, 1.14)

 Strong

94 (9.3)

919 (90.7)

Reference

Reference

Husband does not live in the same house

70 (18.0)

319 (82.0)

1.70 (1.28, 2.26)

1.31 (0.93, 1.83)

Husband drinks too much alcohol

95 (13.6)

602 (86.4)

1.17 (0.91, 1.50)

0.79 (0.60, 1.04)

Poor marital relationship

80 (27.5)

211 (72.5)

3.17 (2.38, 4.21)

2.13 (1.53, 2.97)

  1. Reference category
  2. The variables with statistically significant association (p < 0.05) are written in italics