Gender differences and risk factors for smoking among patients with various psychiatric disorders in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for the associations of current smoking among male and female patients among psychiatric patients (N = 1193)

	Current smoking in males (N = 543)			Current smoking in females (N = 505)
	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	p value
Full adjustment^a plus disorders
Education (educated)	1.82	1.03–3.23	0.040
Family income (< 6000 SR)	1.90	1.26–2.86	0.002
BMI (non-obese)	1.49	1.00–2.22	0.053
Hospitalization status (inpatient)	1.72	1.16–2.56	0.007
Substance abuse	5.28	3.52–7.93	< 0.001	10.56	3.78–29.53	< 0.001
Primary psychotic disorders				3.47	1.45–8.27	0.005
Full adjustment^a plus medications
Education (educated)				3.09	0.90–10.55	0.072
Marital status (unmarried)	1.44	0.94–2.20	0.092
Family income (< 6000 SR)	1.58	1.04–2.39	0.032
Hospitalization status (inpatient)				2.38	0.91–6.20	0.077
Age at disease onset (≥ 25 years)				2.94	1.00–8.46	0.049
Substance abuse	5.18	3.39–7.92	< 0.001	14.15	4.32–46.35	< 0.001
Antipsychotic medications	1.79	1.10–2.93	0.020	4.68	0.95–22.95	0.057

Data in italic means it is statistically significant (p value is < 0.05)
^aAdjusted for the following in males: marital status, educational level, family income, type of residential area, obesity, hospitalization status, previous psychiatric hospitalization, and substance abuse. Adjusted for the following in females: educational level, physical activity, hospitalization status, age at disease onset, previous psychiatric hospitalization, and substance abuse