Table 2 Clinical characteristics by current smoking status among psychiatric patients (N = 1193)
|  | Overall (N = 1193) | Current smoking in males (N = 624) | Current smoking in females (N = 569) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 260) | Yes (N = 364) | p value | No (N = 260) | Yes (N = 364) | p value | ||
Hospitalization status | |||||||
 Inpatient | 394 (33.0%) | 78 (33.1%) | 158 (66.9%) | 0.001 | 142 (89.9%) | 16 (10.1%) | 0.041 |
 Outpatient | 799 (67.0%) | 182 (46.9%) | 206 (53.1%) |  | 389 (94.6%) | 22 (5.4%) |  |
Age at disease onset | |||||||
 Mean ± SD | 28.3 ± 12.0 | 27.4 ± 12.1 | 28.1 ± 10.0 | 0.466 | 29.2 ± 13.2 | 24.6 ± 9.6 | 0.039 |
 < 25 years | 487 (41.6%) | 120 (46.3%) | 139 (53.7%) | 0.059 | 209 (91.7%) | 19 (8.3%) | 0.179 |
 ≥ 25 years | 684 (58.4%) | 137 (38.7%) | 217 (61.3%) |  | 312 (94.5%) | 18 (5.5%) |  |
Disease duration | |||||||
 Mean ± SD | 9.7 ± 9.3 | 9.7 ± 9.6 | 9.6 ± 8.0 | 0.872 | 9.5 ± 10.0 | 11.9 ± 10.5 | 0.161 |
 ≤ 10 years | 781 (66.8%) | 175 (42.5%) | 237 (57.5%) | 0.593 | 349 (94.6%) | 20 (5.4%) | 0.108 |
 > 10 years | 388 (33.2%) | 80 (40.2%) | 119 (59.8%) |  | 172 (91.0%) | 17 (9.0%) |  |
Previous psychiatric hospitalization | |||||||
 No | 644 (54.0%) | 151 (49.2%) | 156 (50.8%) | < 0.001 | 323 (95.8%) | 14 (4.2%) | 0.004 |
 Yes | 549 (46.0%) | 109 (34.4%) | 208 (65.6%) |  | 208 (89.7%) | 24 (10.3%) |  |
 Mean ± SD | 3.8 ± 4.4 | 2.8 ± 3.3 | 4.1 ± 5.1 | 0.019 | 4.0 ± 4.0 | 3.7 ± 4.0 | 0.704 |
Medical history | |||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 113 (9.5%) | 26 (47.3%) | 29 (52.7%) | 0.377 | 56 (96.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 0.411 |
 Hypertension | 92 (7.7%) | 16 (30.2%) | 37 (69.8%) | 0.076 | 37 (94.9%) | 2 (5.1%) | > 0.95 |
 Hyperthyroidism | 25 (2.1%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | > 0.95 | 22 (95.7%) | 1 (4.3%) | > 0.95 |
 Hypothyroidism | 39 (3.3%) | 4 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.029 | 34 (97.1%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.714 |
 Cerebrovascular accident | 14 (1.2%) | 3 (50.0%) | 3 (50.0%) | 0.697 | 7 (87.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0.427 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 12 (1.0%) | 3 (33.3%) | 6 (66.7%) | 0.742 | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | > 0.95 |
 Epilepsy | 12 (1.0%) | 4 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.241 | 5 (83.3%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.341 |
 Kidney disease | 10 (0.9%) | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.012 | 5 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | > 0.95 |
 Asthma | 8 (0.7%) | 4 (66.7%) | 2 (33.3%) | 0.241 | 2 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | > 0.95 |
 Substance abuse | 273 (24.4%) | 52 (21.3%) | 192 (78.7%) | < 0.001 | 22 (75.9%) | 7 (24.1%) | < 0.001 |
Medication use | |||||||
 Diabetes | 83 (7.0%) | 19 (45.2%) | 23 (54.8%) | 0.627 | 39 (95.1%) | 2 (4.9%) | > 0.95 |
 Hypertension | 44 (3.7%) | 12 (40.0%) | 18 (60.0%) | 0.849 | 14 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.614 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 19 (1.6%) | 6 (46.2%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0.740 | 6 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | > 0.95 |