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Table 3 Cultural adaptation

From: Systematic review: cultural adaptation and feasibility of screening for autism in non-English speaking countries

The ecological validity framework

1. Language: Does the study report the use of a culturally appropriate language, idioms, regionalism words, and slang in both written and verbal forms while adopting/screening for autism?

2. Persons: Does the study highlight ethnic and interactional match considerations between the clients and assessors in the screening process?

3. Metaphors: Does the study employ any verbal (e.g., folk sayings) and/or visual forms (e.g., image, figure) of symbols that are shared with the population, while adopting instruments/screening for autism?

4. Contents: Does the study consider adapting the instruments’ content to match the uniqueness culture of the study group?

1. Concepts: Does the study present any efforts to adapt clear and consistent constructs to the targeted culture?

2. Goals: Are the screening goals constructed within the context of cultural values, customs, and traditions?

3. Methods: Do the study methods facilitate smooth implementation for screening within the client’s cultural context?

4. Context: Does the study consider the social, economic, historical, and political contexts of clients while screening?

Author

Language

Persons

Metaphors

Content

Concepts

Goals

Methods

Context

Albores-Gallo et al. [50]

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Ben-Sasson and Carter [13]

+

+

–

–

+

–

–

–

Beuker et al. [51]

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Canal-Bedia et al. [53]

+

–

+

 

+

+

–

–

Carakovac et al. [56]

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Fombonne et al. [49]

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Kamio et al. [46]

+

–

–

–

 

–

–

 

Kamio et al. [47]

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Kara et al. [57]

+

–

–

–

–

 

+

+

Kondolot et al. [55]

+

 

–

 

+

 

+

+

Mohamed et al. [43]

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Mohammadian et al. [45]

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Nygren et al. [54]

+

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

Perera et al. [53]

+

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

Perera et al. [19]

+

+

+

–

+

–

–

–

Samadi and McConkey [7]

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Seif Eldin et al. [42]

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

Seung et al. [48]

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Wong et al. [44]

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

–