Table 2 Comparison of use of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine in past 12 months among chronic disease patients with and without anxiety and depressive symptoms
| Â | Total anxiety score | Total depression score | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 8 | ≥ 8 | P value* | < 8 | ≥ 8 | P value* | |
Herbalist | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 397 (32.3) | 832 (67.7) |  | 199 (16.2) | 1030 (83.8) |  |
 Yes | 56 (18.7) | 243 (81.3) |  | 8 (2.7) | 291 (97.3) |  |
Spiritual healer | Â | Â | 0.64 | Â | Â | 0.67 |
 No | 452 (29.7) | 1071 (70.3) |  | 206 (13.5) | 1317 (86.5) |  |
 Yes | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) |  | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) |  |
Acupuncturist | Â | Â | 0.14 | Â | Â | 0.76 |
 No | 437 (30.0) | 1018 (70.0) |  | 198 (13.6) | 1357 (86.4) |  |
 Yes | 16 (21.9) | 57 (78.1) |  | 9 (12.3) | 64 (87.7) |  |
Chiropractor | Â | Â | 0.91 | Â | Â | 0.15 |
 No | 436 (29.6) | 1036 (70.4) |  | 203 (13.8) | 1269 (86.2) |  |
 Yes | 17 (30.4) | 39 (64.6) |  | 4 (7.1) | 52 (92.9) |  |
Yoga practitioner | Â | Â | 0.32 | Â | Â | 0.06 |
 No | 444 (29.5) | 1061 (70.5) |  | 207 (13.8) | 1298 (86.2) |  |
 Yes | 9 (39.1) | 14 (60.9) |  | 0 (0.0) | 23 (100.0) |  |
Massage therapist | Â | Â | 0.62 | Â | Â | 0.67 |
 No | 441 (29.6) | 1051 (70.4) |  | 203 (13.6) | 1289 (97.6) |  |
 Yes | 12 (33.3) | 24 (66.7) |  | 4 (11.1) | 32 (88.9) |  |
Herbal medicine use | Â | Â | 0.10 | Â | Â | 0.72 |
 No | 267 (31.3) | 585 (68.7) |  | 113 (13.3) | 739 (86.7) |  |
 Yes | 186 (27.5) | 490 (72.5) |  | 94 (13.9) | 582 (86.1) |  |
Using vitamins/supplements | Â | Â | 0.68 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 347 (29.4) | 834 (70.6) |  | 103 (8.7) | 1078 (91.3) |  |
 Yes | 106 (30.5) | 241 (69.6) |  | 104 (30.0) | 243 (70.0) |  |
Using homeopathic remedies | Â | Â | 0.86 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 437 (29.6) | 1039 (70.4) |  | 186 (12.6) | 1290 (87.4) |  |
 Yes | 16 (30.8) | 36 (69.2) |  | 21 (40.4) | 31 (59.6) |  |
Self-help practices—meditation |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.34 |
 No | 419 (30.1) | 971 (69.9) |  | 192 (13.8) | 1198 (86.2) |  |
 Yes | 34 (24.6) | 104 (75.4) |  | 15 (10.9) | 123 (89.1) |  |
Self-help practices—yoga |  |  | 0.79 |  |  | 0.07 |
 No | 426 (29.7) | 1007 (70.3) |  | 200 (14.0) | 1233 (86.0) |  |
 Yes | 27 (28.4) | 68 (71.6) |  | 7 (7.4) | 88 (92.6) |  |
Self-help practices—qigong (energy healing) |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 0.39 |
 No | 446 (29.5) | 1066 (70.5) |  | 206 (13.6) | 1306 (86.4) |  |
 Yes | 7 (43.8) | 9 (56.2) |  | 1 (6.3) | 15 (93.7) |  |
Self-help practices—relaxation techniques |  |  | 0.90 |  |  | 0.91 |
 No | 372 (29.7) | 880 (70.3) |  | 169 (13.5) | 1083 (86.5) |  |
 Yes | 81 (29.3) | 195 (70.7) |  | 38 (13.8) | 238 (86.2) |  |
Self-help practices—visualization (imagery) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 378 (33.1) | 764 (66.9) |  | 190 (16.6) | 952 (83.4) |  |
 Yes | 75 (19.4) | 311 (80.6) |  | 17 (4.4) | 369 (95.6) |  |
Self-help practices—traditional healing ceremony |  |  | 0.85 |  |  | 0.11 |
 No | 444 (29.7) | 1052 (70.3) |  | 206 (13.8) | 1290 (86.2) |  |
 Yes | 9 (28.1) | 23 (71.9) |  | 1 (3.1) | 31 (96.9) |  |
Self-help practices—praying for own health |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 346 (35.0) | 642 (65.0) |  | 184 (18.6) | 804 (81.4) |  |
 Yes | 107 (19.8) | 443 (80.2) |  | 23 (4.3) | 517 (95.7) |  |
Walk or use a bicycle for at least 10Â min | Â | Â | 0.28 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 286 (30.7) | 647 (69.3) |  | 75 (8.0) | 858 (92.0) |  |
 Yes | 167 (28.1) | 428 (71.9) |  | 132 (22.2) | 463 (77.8) |  |
Do vigorous intensity sports or leisure activities | Â | Â | 0.01 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 415 (29.1) | 1013 (70.9) |  | 165 (11.6) | 1363 (88.4) |  |
 Yes | 38 (41.8) | 53 (58.2) |  | 40 (44.0) | 51 (56.0) |  |
Do moderate intensity sports or leisure activities | Â | Â | 0.04 | Â | Â | <Â 0.001 |
 No | 366 (28.6) | 912 (71.4) |  | 124 (9.7) | 1154 (90.3) |  |
 Yes | 87 (34.8) | 163 (65.2) |  | 83 (33.2) | 167 (66.8) |  |