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Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample population

From: Italian regional health service costs for diagnosis and 1-year treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents

Characteristics

Total sample (N = 1887)

With ADHD (n = 1276)

Without ADHD (n = 611)

p*

Age M (SD); median

9.3 (2.5); 9

9.1 (2.4); 9

9.7 (2.5); 9

<0.0001

 5–11, n (%)

1506 (80)

1038 (81)

468 (77)

0.0161

 12–17, n (%)

381 (20)

238 (19)

143 (23)

Male: female

1597:290

1099:177

498:113

0.0092

Only child, n (%)

453 (24)

328 (26)

125 (20)

0.0116

Born abroad, n (%)

99 (5)

76 (6)

23 (4)

0.0453

Adopted, n (%)

63 (3)

54 (4)

9 (1)

0.0018

School variables, n (%)

 Grade

  Primary

1417 (75)

980 (77)

437 (72)

0.0139

  Middle

465 (25)

293 (23)

172 (28)

  Repeaters

99 (5)

61 (5)

38 (6)

ns

  Support teacher

142 (8)

123 (10)

19 (3)

<0.0001

Parent/family variables, n (%)

 High school graduate

  Mother

1070 (64)

694 (63)

376 (66)

ns

  Father

871 (53)

562 (52)

309 (55)

ns

  Employed

  Mother

1235 (72)

840 (74)

395 (67)

0.0028

  Father

1584 (95)

1046 (95)

538 (94)

ns

  Family history of ADHD

375 (20)

293 (23)

82 (13)

<0.0001

Anamnestic data, n (%)

 Pregnancy

  Cesarean section

465 (26)

333 (28)

132 (23)

0.0207

  Preterm (<37 weeks)

168 (9)

120 (10)

48 (8)

ns

  Low weight (<2500 g)

149 (9)

107 (9)

42 (7)

ns

  Motor delay

85 (5)

60 (5)

25 (4)

ns

  Language delay

366 (20)

266 (22)

100 (17)

0.0167

Psychiatric disorders, n (%)

 One or more

1189 (63)

843 (66)

346 (57)

<0.0001

Other chronic medical conditions, n (%)

 One or more

163 (9)

110 (9)

53 (9)

ns

  1. * t test for continuous and χ2 for categorical variables