Table 2 Univariate linear regression test examining the association between biopsychosocial variables and PHQ-9 score of patients
From: Comorbidity of depression and diabetes: an application of biopsychosocial model
Variables (reference category) | β (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
Current age | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02) | 0.21 |
Age at diagnosis | −0.05 (−0.1, −0.001) | 0.04 |
Female gender (male) | 1.4 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.01 |
Addis Ababa residence (outside Addis Ababa) | −0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) | 0.54 |
Monthly family income (ETB) | −0.001 (−0.001, −0.0002) | <0.001 |
Marital status (married) | ||
 Divorced | 2.2 (0.7, 3.7) | 0.01 |
 Widowed | 0.3 (−1.1, 1.6) | 0.70 |
Religion (orthodox christian) | ||
 Muslim | −1.4 (−3.1, 0.3) | 0.11 |
 Other religion | −0.4 (−2.0, 1.3) | 0.67 |
Ethnicity (others) | ||
 Amhara | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) | 0.67 |
 Oromo | 1.0 (−0.4, 2.4) | 0.17 |
Educational status (no formal education) | ||
 Primary school (1–8) | 1.8 (0.7, 3.0) | 0.002 |
 Secondary school (9–12) | −0.7 (−1.9, 0.5) | 0.23 |
 College/university | −1.4 (−2.4, −0.3) | 0.01 |
Occupation (others) | ||
 Civil servant | −0.7 (−2.0, 0.6) | 0.28 |
 House wife | 1.7 (0.4, 3.0) | 0.01 |
 Private worker | −0.8 (−2.2, 0.6) | 0.26 |
 Pensioned | −0.7 (−2.0, 0.5) | 0.23 |
 No employment | 1.1 (−0.7, 2.2) | 0.10 |
Waist circumference | 0.01 (−0.4, 0.1) | 0.74 |
Duration of diabetes | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.1) | 0.35 |
Duration of diabetes treatment | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.1) | 0.36 |
Fasting blood glucose | 0.01 (−0.001, 0.01) | 0.09 |
Number of co-morbidity | 0.6 (0.02, 1.1) | 0.04 |
Number of prescribed medication administration per day | 0.2 (−0.05, 0.4) | 0.13 |
Number of diabetic complication | 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.02 |
Body mass index | 0.1 (0.03, 0.3) | 0.04 |
Combined insulin injection (single insulin injection) | 1.0 (−1.9, 0.4) | 0.42 |
Insulin injection plus oral hypoglycemic (single insulin injection) | 0.3 (−1.3, 1.9) | 0.72 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent (single insulin injection) | −0.9 (−2.0, 0.1) | 0.08 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.5 (−0.5, 1.5) | 0.33 |
Respiratory disease | 0.5 (−1.6, 2.5) | 0.66 |
Renal disease | 0.6 (−1.7, 2.9) | 0.62 |
Neurologic disease | 1.8 (−2.3, 5.9) | 0.39 |
Others comorbidity | 0.7 (−0.4, 1.8) | 0.22 |
Diabetic retinopathy | 1.0 (0.02, 2.0) | 0.04 |
Diabetic nephropathy | 2.0 (0.8, 3.1) | 0.001 |
Diabetic neuropathy | 1.1 (0.03, 2.2) | 0.04 |
Sexual dysfunction | −1.0 (−2.2, 0.1) | 0.08 |
Physical disability | 1.2 (0.2, 2.2) | 0.02 |
Poor social support | 3.1 (2.1, 4.1) | <0.001 |
Doing physical activity | −1.5 (−2.7, −0.3) | 0.01 |
Fear of diabetic complication and death (no perception at all) | 1.6 (0.6, 2.7) | 0.003 |
Not fearing diabetic complication and death (no perception at all) | −2.0 (−3.1, −0.9) | <0.001 |
High health care cost (no perception at all) | 0.4 (−0.7, 1.5) | 0.50 |
Not high health care cost (no perception at all) | −0.7 (−2.0, 0.5) | 0.26 |
Negative life event in the last 6Â months | 2.0 (0.9, 2.9) | <0.001 |