Table 1 Distribution of patients PHQ-9 score and fasting blood glucose by biopsychosocial characteristics of patients
From: Comorbidity of depression and diabetes: an application of biopsychosocial model
Variable | Categories | n (%) | PHQ-9 score mean (± SD) | Fasting blood sugar mean (±SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, female | 140 (53.0) | 6.0 (4.77) | 181.30 (79.94) | |
Residence, Addis Ababa | 228 (86.4) | 5.07 (4.35) | 166.13 (71.78) | |
Marital status | Married | 183 (69.3) | 4.68 (4.17) | 164.4 (70.67) |
Divorced | 24 (9.1) | 7.3 (5.75) | 188.94 (94.31) | |
Widowed | 48 (18.2) | 5.92 (4.73) | 162.04 (66.48) | |
Religion | Orthodox christian | 213 (80.7) | 5.48 (4.74) | 167.64 (72.76) |
Muslim | 24 (9.1) | 3.71 (3.14) | 170.04 (92.81) | |
Other religion | 5 (1.9) | 4.67 (4.04) | 159.63 (61.18) | |
Ethnicity | Amhara | 151 (57.2) | 5.23 (4.71) | 168.71 (74.05) |
Oromo | 40 (15.2) | 5.8 (4.54) | 165.65 (77.42) | |
Others | 19 (7.2) | 4.93 (4.33) | 164.36 (70.94) | |
Educational status | No formal education | 51 (19.4) | 6.1 (5.17) | 179.57 (81.79) |
Grade 1–8 | 16 (6.1) | 6.63 (4.53) | 171.11 (78.94) | |
Grade 9–12 | 59 (22.3) | 4.42 (4.08) | 165.66 (63.11) | |
College/university | 89 (33.7) | 4.26 (4.25) | 157.81 (70.59) | |
Occupation | Civil servant | 47 (17.8) | 4.74 (4.71) | 172.51 (59.36) |
House wife | 47 (17.8) | 6.77 (5.26) | 183.45 (71.56) | |
Private worker | 38 (14.4) | 4.29 (3.84) | 162.95 (93.59) | |
Pensioned | 58 (22.0) | 4.69 (4.48) | 142.0 (56.18) | |
No employment | 48 (18.2) | 5.85 (4.14) | 172.9 (80.15) | |
Others | 16 (6.1) | 4.81 (4.53) | 178.54 (79.98) | |
Diabetes treatment | Single insulin injection | 108 (40.9) | 5.78 (4.99) | 162.44 (83.22) |
Combined insulin injection | 12 (4.5) | 5.92 (5.14) | 218.17 (104.57) | |
Insulin plus oral hypoglycemic | 30 (11.4) | 5.23 (3.61) | 167.67 (58.89) | |
Oral hypoglycemic | 114 (43.2) | 4.65 (4.29) | 165.85 (61.25) | |
Comorbid disease (NÂ =Â 180) | Cardiovascular disease | 141 (78.3) | 5.57 (4.68) | 162.81 (68.43) |
Respiratory disease | 17 (9.4) | 5.41 (4.43) | 151.53 (66.82) | |
Renal disease | 13 (7.2) | 5.54 (4.31) | 158.46 (58.13) | |
Neurologic disease | 4 (2.2) | 6.75 (6.13) | 131.5 (35.48) | |
Others comorbidity | 80 (44.4) | 6.04 (5.09) | 174.59 (72.01) | |
Diabetic complication (NÂ =Â 201) | Diabetic retinopathy | 140 (69.7) | 5.79 (4.67) | 166.76 (70.51) |
Diabetic nephropathy | 69 (34.3) | 7.09 (5.16) | 176.43 (72.36) | |
Diabetic neuropathy | 83 (41.3) | 6.14 (4.59) | 172.41 (81.17) | |
Sexual dysfunction | 69 (34.3) | 4.70 (4.77) | 162.29 (69.88) | |
Physical disability | 132 (50.0) | 5.80 (4.68) | 169.61 (75.71) | |
Poor social support | 95 (37.4) | 7.44 (5.03) | 167.47 (82.95) | |
Negative life event | 88 (34.6) | 6.64 (4.93) | 168.75 (84.38) | |
Physical activity | 55 (22%) | 3.80 (3.53) | 165.98 (82.69) | |
Perceived fear of complication and death | 178 (70.1) | 5.78 (4.74) | 167.24 (71.88) | |
Perceived high health care cost of diabetes | 192 (75.6) | 5.35 (4.75) | 168.15 (75.95) | |