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Table 4 Adjusted odds ratio (with 95 % confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms by levels of cognitive social capital for women and men in Sweden and Ukraine

From: Gender differences in the association between cognitive social capital, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms: a comparative analysis of Sweden and Ukraine

Variables

Sweden

Ukraine

Women

Men

Women

Men

Social capital

 Trust in the national government/parliament

  High

1*

1*

1***

1***

  Moderate

1.11 (0.94–1.32)

1.06 (0.86–1.30)

0.98 (0.62–1.54)

1.56 (0.70–3.49)

  Low

1.25 (0.98–1.60)

1.27 (0.99–1.63)

1.20 (0.78–1.87)

1.69 (0.79–3.63)

  No opinion

1.07 (0.89–1.30)

0.97 (0.73–1.30)

  

 Feeling of safety

  High

1***

1***

1***

1***

  Moderate

1.52 (1.24–1.87)

3.00 (2.10–4.28)

1.04 (0.65–1.65)

0.93 (0.52–1.67)

  Low

1.97 (1.41–2.76)

3.91 (2.19–6.97)

1.72 (1.13–2.62)

1.17 (0.69–1.98)

  Never alone

1.95 (1.50–2.54)

3.21 (1.83–5.63)

  

Other variables

 Age

  18–29

1***

1***

1***

1***

  30–59

0.63 (0.53–0.75)

0.92 (0.73–1.16)

2.81 (1.85–4.26)

2.01 (0.94–4.30)

  60+

0.27 (0.21–0.34)

0.49 (0.36–0.66)

8.66 (5.36–14.0)

6.15 (2.89–13.1)

 Education

    

  Short

1***

1***

1***

1***

  Medium

1.07 (0.86–1.34)

1.22 (0.94–1.58)

0.65 (0.40–1.06)

0.52 (0.27–0.99)

  Long

1.22 (1.00–1.50)

1.24 (0.96–1.61)

0.47 (0.28–0.79)

0.65 (0.33–1.29)

 Marital status

  Living without a partner

1***

1***

1***

1***

  Living with partner

0.71 (0.62–0.73)

0.62 (0.51–0.75)

0.81 (0.60–1.08)

0.98 (0.58–1.66)

 Small children

  No

1***

1***

1**

1**

  Yes

1.26 (1.03–1.54)

1.53 (1.20–1.96)

1.50 (0.95–2.37)

1.41 (0.57–3.49)

 Smoking

  No

1***

1***

1***

1***

  Yes

1.12 (0.94–1.33)

1.51 (1.21–1.90)

1.03 (0.59–1.79)

0.89 (0.56–1.43)

 Alcohol ever

  No

1

1

1**

1**

  Yes

0.95 (0.77–1.1)

0.89 (0.65–1.20)

1.46 (1.05–2.02)

0.81 (0.45–1.46)

  1. The asterisks denote significant level of Chi Square test of p < 0.05 (*) or p < 0.01 (**) or p < 0.001 (***)