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Table 1 Emerging themes and sub-themes

From: A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia

No

Theme

Sub-theme

1

Perpetrators

1.1 Family

1.2 Friends

1.3 Employers

1.4 Health-related alliances

2

Types of mental illness carrying stigma

2.1 Schizophrenia

2.2 Bipolar disorder

2.3 Depression

3

Demography and geography of stigma

3.1 Urban vs. rural

3.2 Ethnicity

4

Manifestations of stigma

4.1 Labelling

4.2 Rejection

4.3 Employment

5

Impact of stigma

5.1 Individual

5.2 Function in society

6

Causes of stigma

6.1 Lack of education and awareness

6.2 Media portrayal

7

Proposed initiatives

7.1 Advocacy

7.2 Policy and legislation